Muscle, skin eye, heart and blood pressure and mental activity, introduction to neuromodulation PP

Question 1

How are measures of muscle activity in behavioral studies obtained?

Answer 1

EMG recordings on skin surface

Question 2

What is consistent activity in the corrugator muscle found in the association with?

Answer 2

Unpleasant or negative stimuli

Question 3

What is increased activity in the zygomatic muscle found in the association with?

Answer 3

Pleasant or positive stimuli

Question 4

What is increased activity in the labii muscle found in the association with?

Answer 4

Disgust

Question 5

Who are more facially reactive to affect-laden stimuli, men or women?

Answer 5

Women

Question 6

What is used to measure the increase in skin conductance?

Answer 6

Galvanometer

Question 7

What is the responses in skin indicators of?

Answer 7

Nervous system excitation

Question 8

Directional fractionation refers to

Answer 8

When one physiological measure increases while another decreases

Question 9

What is skin conduction also known as?

Answer 9

Electrodermal activity (EDA)

Question 10

What are high levels of electrodermal activity associated with?

Answer 10

Successful learning, increased alertness and effort when individuals are involved in the acquisition of novel materials

Question 11

Relation between skin conductance response and familiar faces

Answer 11

Larger SCRs occur to familiar faces compared with unfamiliar ones or in people who have brain damage that prevents them from recognizing faces

Question 12

What causes pupils to dilate

Answer 12

Strong emotional stimulus
Will persist despite bright lights

Question 13

Modern technique for pupil-measuring

Answer 13

Video-based pupilometer

Question 14

What happens to pupil size in relation to fatigue

Answer 14

Decreases with fatigue

Question 15

Pupil size and pain

Answer 15

Increases with increasing pain

Question 16

Pupil size and short term memory tasks

Answer 16

Diameter increases as a function of number of items to be retrieved

Question 17

Pupil size and long term memory tasks

Answer 17

Greater pupillary response than short term memory

Question 18

Effort and pupil size

Answer 18

More effort = larger pupils

Question 19

What is the process of measuring eye movements in different environmental contexts called?

Answer 19

Electrooculography (EOG)

Question 20

What does EOG measure?

Answer 20

Changes in electrical potential that occurs in eye movement

Question 21

What controls eye movements

Answer 21

Cortical and subcortical systems in conjunction with cranial nerves and eye muscles

Question 22

Cerebral areas involved in eye fixation

Answer 22

Occipital and frontal cortices

Question 23

4 types of eye movement

Answer 23

Saccadic movement
Smooth pursuit
Smooth compensatory
Nystagmoid

Question 24

What is saccadic movement

Answer 24

Movements of eye from one fixation point to the next
Movement occurs quickly (10% of time spent on movement, 90% on fixation)

Question 25

In eye movements, smooth pursuit refers to

Answer 25

The eye movement that occurs when a moving object is fixated and followed by the eye

Question 26

In eye movements, smooth compensatory refers to

Answer 26

Movement to correct for body or head tilt to maintain an upright view of the visual field

Question 27

What kind of activity is smooth compensatory eye movement?

Answer 27

Automatic/non voluntary activity

Question 28

In eye movements, nystagmoid refers to

Answer 28

Oscillations of the eye Slow horizon sweeps and quick returns to original eye position

Question 29

What kind of activity is nystagmoid eye movement?

Answer 29

Involuntary

Question 30

3 causes of nystagmoid movements

Answer 30

Eye defects or visual field prevent adequate fixation Vestibular or balance system of inner ear is impaired Impairment of visual or vestibular pathways in the CNS

Question 31

Which way does the eye move for verbal analytical problems?

Answer 31

Right

Question 32

Which way does the eye move for spatial analytical problems?

Answer 32

Left

Question 33

Can eye movements be a cause of reading problems? ex dyslexia

Answer 33

More likely that it is a reflection of reading problems, not a cause

Question 34

Relation between eye blinks and cognitive demand

Answer 34

Increase in eye blinks with increase in cognitive demand

Question 35

What is long closure duration of blinks related to?

Answer 35

Lowered alertness and fatigue

Question 36

When are blinks inhibited?

Answer 36

During reading of text and performance of visual tasks

Question 37

What does increased blink frequency reflect?

Answer 37

Negative mood states (nervousness and stress)

Question 38

What is startle eye blinks modified by?

Answer 38

Cognitive and emotional factors

Question 39

What is startle eye blink magnitude a reliable measure of?

Answer 39

Allocation of attention resources

Question 40

Directional fractionation refers to

Answer 40

When one physiological measure increases while another decreases

Question 41

The cardiac somatic concept refers to

Answer 41

a cardiac response facilitating a behavioral response

Question 42

Reductions in somatic and cardiac activity are viewed as biological manifestations of changes in

Answer 42

Perception

Question 43

PNS effect on heart rate

Answer 43

Decreases it

Question 44

SNS effect on heart rate

Answer 44

Increases it

Question 45

What is recovery?

Answer 45

Time just after task has been completed and return to baseline

Question 46

What are post-task levels important for information about?

Answer 46

How long it takes the cardiovascular system to recover to pre-task levels

Question 47

What are greater magnitudes of heart rate slowing related to?

Answer 47

Faster reaction times (still controversial)

Question 48

What is deceleration of heart rate related to?

Answer 48

Stimulus intake and orienting response

Question 49

What is acceleration of heart rate related to?

Answer 49

Stimulus rejection and the defensive response

Question 50

Which personality type show greater cardiovascular reactivity?

Answer 50

Type A

Question 51

Which individuals have higher cardiovascular reactivity?

Answer 51

High-hostile individuals

Question 52

Do information-processing load and problem-solving difficulty affect blood pressure?

Answer 52

Yes

Question 53

The parasympathetic nervous system

Answer 53

Decreases blood flow

Question 54

Variables that play a role in blood pressure

Answer 54

Personality Task Context Environmental Sex Personality type Family history

Question 55

What does blood and pulse volume change with the introduction of?

Answer 55

New or unexpected stimuli

Question 56

What is neuromodulation?

Answer 56

The alteration of nerve activity through targeted delivery of a stimulus to specific neurological sites in body

Question 57

Which neuromodulation technique is used in movement disorders?

Answer 57

Deep Brain Stimulation

Question 58

What can neuromodulation be used for?

Answer 58

Treatment for pain, movement disorders, restore normal function of bowel and bladder control, Parkinson's and tremor control and much more

Question 59

What can be stimulated during neuromodilation

Answer 59

Brain Spinal cord Peripheral nerves

Question 60

Intractable epilepsy has been treated with what

Answer 60

Deep brain stimulation, cerebellar cortex stimulation and vagal nerve stimulation

Question 61

Which stimulation has mood elevating effect and can treat depression?

Answer 61

Vagal nerve stimulation

Question 62

What is deep brain stimulation been explored to treat?

Answer 62

Severe intractable depression OCD Alzheimers Obesity Addiction Chronic pain

Question 63

What did the application of functional electrical stimulation had its origin in?

Answer 63

Management of spinal injury and post-stroke

Question 64

Example of functional electrical stimulation (FES)

Answer 64

Cochlear implants