Muscle, skin eye, heart and blood pressure and mental activity, introduction to neuromodulation PP Flashcards
How are measures of muscle activity in behavioral studies obtained?
EMG recordings on skin surface
What is consistent activity in the corrugator muscle found in the association with?
Unpleasant or negative stimuli
What is increased activity in the zygomatic muscle found in the association with?
Pleasant or positive stimuli
What is increased activity in the labii muscle found in the association with?
Disgust
Who are more facially reactive to affect-laden stimuli, men or women?
Women
What is used to measure the increase in skin conductance?
Galvanometer
What is the responses in skin indicators of?
Nervous system excitation
Directional fractionation refers to
When one physiological measure increases while another decreases
What is skin conduction also known as?
Electrodermal activity (EDA)
What are high levels of electrodermal activity associated with?
Successful learning, increased alertness and effort when individuals are involved in the acquisition of novel materials
Relation between skin conductance response and familiar faces
Larger SCRs occur to familiar faces compared with unfamiliar ones or in people who have brain damage that prevents them from recognizing faces
What causes pupils to dilate
Strong emotional stimulus
Will persist despite bright lights
Modern technique for pupil-measuring
Video-based pupilometer
What happens to pupil size in relation to fatigue
Decreases with fatigue
Pupil size and pain
Increases with increasing pain
Pupil size and short term memory tasks
Diameter increases as a function of number of items to be retrieved
Pupil size and long term memory tasks
Greater pupillary response than short term memory
Effort and pupil size
More effort = larger pupils
What is the process of measuring eye movements in different environmental contexts called?
Electrooculography (EOG)
What does EOG measure?
Changes in electrical potential that occurs in eye movement
What controls eye movements
Cortical and subcortical systems in conjunction with cranial nerves and eye muscles
Cerebral areas involved in eye fixation
Occipital and frontal cortices
4 types of eye movement
Saccadic movement
Smooth pursuit
Smooth compensatory
Nystagmoid
What is saccadic movement
Movements of eye from one fixation point to the next
Movement occurs quickly (10% of time spent on movement, 90% on fixation)
In eye movements, smooth pursuit refers to
The eye movement that occurs when a moving object is fixated and followed by the eye
In eye movements, smooth compensatory refers to
Movement to correct for body or head tilt to maintain an upright view of the visual field
What kind of activity is smooth compensatory eye movement?
Automatic/non voluntary activity
In eye movements, nystagmoid refers to
Oscillations of the eye
Slow horizon sweeps and quick returns to original eye position
What kind of activity is nystagmoid eye movement?
Involuntary
3 causes of nystagmoid movements
Eye defects or visual field prevent adequate fixation
Vestibular or balance system of inner ear is impaired
Impairment of visual or vestibular pathways in the CNS
Which way does the eye move for verbal analytical problems?
Right
Which way does the eye move for spatial analytical problems?
Left
Can eye movements be a cause of reading problems? ex dyslexia
More likely that it is a reflection of reading problems, not a cause
Relation between eye blinks and cognitive demand
Increase in eye blinks with increase in cognitive demand
What is long closure duration of blinks related to?
Lowered alertness and fatigue
When are blinks inhibited?
During reading of text and performance of visual tasks
What does increased blink frequency reflect?
Negative mood states (nervousness and stress)
What is startle eye blinks modified by?
Cognitive and emotional factors
What is startle eye blink magnitude a reliable measure of?
Allocation of attention resources
Directional fractionation refers to
When one physiological measure increases while another decreases
The cardiac somatic concept refers to
a cardiac response facilitating a behavioral response
Reductions in somatic and cardiac activity are viewed as biological manifestations of changes in
Perception
PNS effect on heart rate
Decreases it
SNS effect on heart rate
Increases it
What is recovery?
Time just after task has been completed and return to baseline
What are post-task levels important for information about?
How long it takes the cardiovascular system to recover to pre-task levels
What are greater magnitudes of heart rate slowing related to?
Faster reaction times (still controversial)
What is deceleration of heart rate related to?
Stimulus intake and orienting response
What is acceleration of heart rate related to?
Stimulus rejection and the defensive response
Which personality type show greater cardiovascular reactivity?
Type A
Which individuals have higher cardiovascular reactivity?
High-hostile individuals
Do information-processing load and problem-solving difficulty affect blood pressure?
Yes
The parasympathetic nervous system
Decreases blood flow
Variables that play a role in blood pressure
Personality
Task
Context
Environmental
Sex
Personality type
Family history
What does blood and pulse volume change with the introduction of?
New or unexpected stimuli
What is neuromodulation?
The alteration of nerve activity through targeted delivery of a stimulus to specific neurological sites in body
Which neuromodulation technique is used in movement disorders?
Deep Brain Stimulation
What can neuromodulation be used for?
Treatment for pain, movement disorders, restore normal function of bowel and bladder control, Parkinson’s and tremor control and much more
What can be stimulated during neuromodilation
Brain
Spinal cord
Peripheral nerves
Intractable epilepsy has been treated with what
Deep brain stimulation, cerebellar cortex stimulation and vagal nerve stimulation
Which stimulation has mood elevating effect and can treat depression?
Vagal nerve stimulation
What is deep brain stimulation been explored to treat?
Severe intractable depression
OCD
Alzheimers
Obesity
Addiction
Chronic pain
What did the application of functional electrical stimulation had its origin in?
Management of spinal injury and post-stroke
Example of functional electrical stimulation (FES)
Cochlear implants
