NEUROLOGY OF INTELLIGENCE AND MEMORY

Question 1

How to obtain IQ

Answer 1

It denotes the figure
that is obtained by dividing the subject’s mental age
(as determined by the Binet-Simon scale) by his chronologie
age (up to the 14th year) and multiplying the result
by 100.

Question 2

Describe IQ

Answer 2

IQ increases with age up to the 14th to 1 6th years and then remains stable, at least until late adult life.

Question 3

the multifactorial theory of Thurstone, proposed that intelligence consists of a number of primary mental abilities, such as:

Answer 3

memory, verbal facility, numerical ability, visuospatial perception, and capacity for problem solving, all of them more or less equivalent

Question 4

developmental aspects of
intelligence by Piaget:

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ from 0 to 2  years; 
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_from 2 to 4 years;
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ from 4 to 7 years; 
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ from 7 to 11 years;  
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 11 years on

Answer 4

sensorimotor,
preconceptual thought, 
intuitive thought,
concrete operations (conceptualization),
"formal operations" (logical or abstract thought), from

Question 5

approximately _______ of patients who are referred to
a neurologic center with a question of dementia prove
to have a potentially reversible psychiatric or metabolic
disorder.

Answer 5

10 percent

Question 6

memory complaints that are mild and do not interfere
with daily functioning but are still disproportionate for
the patient’s age and education

Answer 6

MCI

Question 7

other terms for MCI:

Answer 7

age-associated memory impairment, and, in the past, benign senescent forgetfulness, aging-associated cognitive decline

Question 8

___________are early and prominent in
one special group of degenerative conditions, occurring
only later in Alzheimer disease

Answer 8

Apraxias and agnosias

Question 9

WHAT KIND OF DEMENTIA?

early personality changes, particularly apathy or disinhibition, euphoria, perseveration in motor and cognitive tasks, ritualistic and repetitive behaviors, and laconic speech leading to mutism-all with relative preservation of memory, orientation,
and visuospatial capability.

Answer 9

frontotemporal lobar degeneration

Question 10

__________
although usually a late development, may occur early,
particularly in patients in whom the dementia is associated with or superimposed on frontal lobe degeneration, Parkinson disease, normal pressure hydrocephalus, cerebellar ataxia, or progressive supranuclear palsy.

Answer 10

Gait disorder,

Question 11

cognitive decline of certain
predominantly basal ganglionic diseases-such as
progressive supranuclear palsy, Huntington chorea, and
Parkinson disease-

Answer 11

SUBCORTICAL DEMENTIA

Question 12

Loss of capacity for reading and calculation is
related to lesions in the_____________
cerebral hemisphere;

loss of use of tools and imitation
of gestures (apraxias) is related to loss of tissue in the
___________

Answer 12

posterior part of the left (dominant)

dominant parietal region

Question 13

during mental tests, their performance may be impaired
by “emotional blocking,” in much the same way as the
worried student blocks during an examination (“experiential
confusion”).

Answer 13

depression

Question 14

An early aphasia or visuospatial difficulty
that is manifest as either geographic confusion or
difficulty with drawing, copying, and recognizing faces
and objects are characteristic of a ___________

Answer 14

focal degeneration

of the parietal or inferior temporal lobes.

Question 15

a unique disorder of cognitive function in which
memory and learning are deranged almost in isolation
from all other components of mentation and behavior

Answer 15

THE AM N ESIC SYN DROM E ( KORSAKOFF

SYN DROM E )

Question 16

FEATURES OF AMNESIC STATE

Answer 16

1. ANTEROGRADE AMNESIA
2. RETROGRADE AMNESIA
3. impaired temporal localization of past experience.

Question 17

________, a function of working memory,
allows the patient with Korsakoff syndrome to repeat
a string of digits, but this is more a measure of attention
and registration

Answer 17

Immediate recall

Question 18

IN Korsakoff syndrome, ________________was observed mainly in the initial phase of the illness,
in which it could be related to a state of profound general
confusion

Answer 18

fantastic confabulation

Question 19

_____________ (e.g., concussive head
injury), memories are recovered in reverse order: first the
remote and then the more recent

Answer 19

In transitory amnesias

Question 20

_________subsumes what most persons consider
to be memory and learning, that is, the ability to retain
and recount events that were consciously experienced

Answer 20

Explicit memory

Question 21

________ the learning of the nature of the environment and factual knowledge (such as the shape and color of a lion) is also a type of explicit memory but the event of acquiring the memory cannot be recalled

Answer 21

Semantic memory,

Question 22

The learning of simple mechanical skills has been referred to as ________________
in distinction to learning new data information.

Answer 22

procedural memory

Question 23

To Tulving, whose writings on this subject are recommended, the term
_________denotes a memory system for dating personal
experiences and their temporal relationships;

______________ is one’s repository of perceptual and factual knowledge, which makes it possible to comprehend language and make inferences

Answer 23

episodic

semantic memory

Question 24

Several regions of the brain must be active during tasks of working memory, including the hippocampi and dorsal
thalamus, but lesions of the ___________
most specifically impair the skill

Answer 24

dorsolateral prefrontal cortex

Question 25

the hippocampal formations and the medial-dorsal

nuclei of the thalamus are essential for _____ and __________

Answer 25

normal memory

and learning.

Question 26

The condition was characterized by an episode of

amnesia and bewilderment lasting for several hours

Answer 26

TGA

Question 27

Global incidence of TGA

Answer 27

5.2 cases per 100,000 population

Question 28

proposed hypothesis for TGA

Answer 28

It has been suggested that typical case represents

an unusual form of temporal lobe epilepsy (transient epileptic amnesia [TEA]),

Question 29

in MMSE

A score of ________on the widely
used “mini-mental” is considered normal and scores below
21 generally indicate cognitive impairment

Answer 29

24

Question 30

In this test, an index of deterioration is provided by the discrepancy between the vocabulary, picture-completion, and object-assembly tests as a group (these correlate well with premorbid intelligence and are relatively insensitive to dementing brain disease) and other measures of general performance,
namely arithmetic, block-design, digit-span, and
digit-symbol tests

Answer 30

Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS

Question 31

The Wechsler Memory Scale estimates
the degree of memory failure and can be used to distinguish the ____________ from a more general dementia (discrepancy of more than 25 points between the WAIS
and the memory scale)

Answer 31

amnesic state

Question 32

in AD, Emotional lability and paranoid tendencies

may be managed by the judicious use of_________

Answer 32

quetiapine,

olanzapine, risperidone, or haloperidol.