DISORDERS OF LANGUAGE

Question 1

____________ refers to the production and comprehension of words whereas
_____________ refers to the articulatory and phonetic aspects of verbal expression

Answer 1

Language

speech

Question 2

the
silent processes of thought and the formulation in our
minds of unuttered words on which thought depends

Answer 2

inner speech, or endophasia

Question 3

by which is meant the expression of

thought by spoken or written words and the comprehension of the spoken or written words of others

Answer 3

External

speech, or exophasia,

Question 4

Loss or impairment of the production or comprehension
of spoken or written language because of an
acquired lesion of the brain. This is the condition
called ________

Answer 4

aphasia or dysphasia.

Question 5

A defect in articulation with intact mental functions,
and comprehension of spoken and written language
and normal syntax (grammatical construction of sentences). The terms ___________ are applied to this category of speech disorder.

Answer 5

dysarthria and anarthria

Question 6

An alteration or loss of voice because of a disorder

of the larynx or its innervatioN

Answer 6

aphonia or dysphonia

Question 7

The main executive, or output, region, situated at
the posterior end of the inferior frontal convolution
(Brodmann areas 44 and 45), is referred to as ______________

Answer 7

Broca area

and is concerned with motor aspects of speech

Question 8

visually perceived words are given
expression in writing through a fourth language area, the
so-called ____________ in the posterior part of the
second frontal convolution

Answer 8

Exner writing area

Question 9

The perisylvian language areas are also connected
with the striatum and thalamus and with corresponding
areas in the nondominant cerebral hemisphere through
the _______ and____________

Answer 9

corpus callosum and anterior commissure

Question 10

In general, as a restatement of the Wernicke-Broca scheme, phonologic speech output difficulties are derived from _____________
semantic-comprehension difficulties are the result of ____________

and alexia and agraphia are associated with
_____________

Answer 10

left frontal lesions;

left temporal lesions;

inferior parietal lesions.

Question 11

__________________a procedure that produces
mutism for a minute or two, followed by misnaming,
including perseveration and substitution; misreading;
and paraphasic speech);

Answer 11

the Wada test-

Question 12

_______________ in which different words or phonemes are presented simultaneously to the two ears (yielding a right ear-left hemisphere
advantage)

Answer 12

dichotic listening,

Question 13

the region on the superior surface of the temporal lobe
posterior to Heschl gyri and extending to the posterior
end of the sylvian fissure, is slightly larger on the left
in 65 percent of brains and larger on the right in only
11 percent

Answer 13

planum temporale

Question 14

Left-handedness may result from disease of the left
cerebral hemisphere in early life; this probably accounts
for its higher incidence among the ________ and _______

Answer 14

mentally retarded and

brain injured.

Question 15

T or F

findings suggest a bilateral albeit unequal-representation of language functions in non-right-handed patients.

Answer 15

T

Question 16

the
melody of speech, its intonation, inflection, and pauses,
all of which have emotional overtones

Answer 16

prosody

Question 17

aprosodia localization

Answer 17

inferior division of the right middle

cerebral artery.

Question 18

In the investigation of aphasia, it is first necessary to

inquire into the patient’s __________

Answer 18

native language, handedness,

and previous level of literacy and education.

Question 19

More often, the language most used before the onset

of the aphasia will recover first. What law of aphasia?

Answer 19

Prite Law

Question 20

The bedside analysis of aphasic disorders that we
find most useful entails the systematic testing of six
aspects of language function: 
1
2
3
4
5
6

Answer 20

conversational speech, comprehension,

repetition, reading, writing, and naming

Question 21

Reading aloud single letters, words, and text

may disclose the __________

Answer 21

dissociative syndrome of pure word

blindness.

Question 22

The patient may be unable to
repeat what is said to him, despite relatively adequate
comprehension-the hallmark of_______________

Answer 22

conduction aphasia

Question 23

Preserved repetition is also characteristic
of _________ and occurs occasionally with
subcortical lesions

Answer 23

anomic aphasia

Question 24

examples of this include conduction aphasia,
word deafness (auditory verbal agnosia), and word
blindness (visual verbal agnosia or alexia

Answer 24

disconnection

language syndromes,

Question 25

patients may repeat a few stereotyped
utterances over and over again, as if compelled
to do so, a disorder referred to as ____________

Answer 25

monophasia (Critchley),
recurring utterance (Hughlings Jackson), verbal stereotypy,
or verbal automatism.

Question 26

In Broca’s aphasia, speech is sparse with _________as compared with the normal 100 to 115 words
per minute

Answer 26

10 to 15 words per

minute

Question 27

If a patient with nonfluent Broca’s aphasia has no difficulty
in repetition, the condition is termed ________

Answer 27

transcortical

motor aphasia

Question 28

________________
causes the patient to be wordless (mute) but leaves inner
speech intact and writing undisturbed

Answer 28

pure word mutism (aphemia ),

Question 29

The location of the lesion in cases of Wernicke’s aphasia
is the ___________ near the primary
auditory cortex

Answer 29

left superior lateral temporal lobe

Question 30

The substitution of one word for another (“The grass is
blue”) is termed____________
and is even more characteristic of Wernicke’s aphasia.

Answer 30

verbal paraphasia or semantic substitution

Question 31

components of the peri-sylvian region resulting wernicke’s aphasia

Answer 31

posterosuperior temporal, supramarginal,

angular, and posterior insular gyri

Question 32

What is the arcuate fasciculus

Answer 32

This fiber tract streams out of the temporal
lobe, proceeding somewhat posteriorly; around the posterior end of the sylvian fissure;

there it joins the superior longitudinal fasciculus, deep in the anteroinferior parietal region, and proceeds forward, deep to the suprasylvian operculum, to the motor association cortex, including the
Broca and Exner areas

Question 33

In____________ the patient suffers a deficit of auditory and visual word comprehension, making writing and reading impossible, in every way conforming to Wernicke’s aphasia.
Speech remains fluent, with marked paraphasia, anomia, and empty circumlocutions. However, unlike the deficit in Wernicke’s and conduction aphasias, the ability to ________ is preserved

Answer 33

transcortical sensory aphasia

repeat the spoken
word

Question 34

lesions of transcortical sensory aphasia

Answer 34

posterior parietooccipital

region

Question 35

Two clinical contexts of transcortical motor aphasia

(1) in a mild or partially ____________ in
which repetition remains superior to conversational
speech (repeating and reading aloud are generally easier
than self-generated speech) and

(2) in states of ________with frontal lobe damage

Answer 35

recovered Broca’s aphasia

abulia and
akinetic mutism

Question 36

impairment of auditory comprehension

and repetition and an inability to write to dictation.

Answer 36

pure word deafness

Question 37

The most striking feature of this syndrome is the retained
capacity to write fluently; after which the patient cannot
read what has been written

Answer 37

alexia without agraphia

Question 38

the individual loses the ability to understand written
script, and, often, to name colors, i.e., to match a seen
color to its spoken name

Answer 38

visual verbal color anomia

Question 39

In alexia, In some cases, the patient manages to read single letters but not to join them together

Answer 39

(asyllabia).

Question 40

lesions associated with alexia

Answer 40

posterior part (splenium) of
the corpus callosum, wherein lie the connections between
the visual association areas of the two hemispheres

Question 41

the patient loses all capacity to speak while retaining perfectly the ability to write, to understand spoken
words, to read silently with comprehension, and to repeat
spoken words

Answer 41

Pure Word Mutism (Aph e m i a )

Question 42

An anomie type of aphasia is often an early sign of
Alzheimer and Pick disease (minor degrees of it are common in old age) and is a principal feature of one type of degenerative lobar cerebral atrophy in the category of
the __________

Answer 42

primary progressive aphasias

Question 43

lesions for foreign accent syndrome

Answer 43

The syndrome arises
after a left-sided lesion, most often a stroke with a mild
associated Broca’s aphasia

Question 44

Mechanisms of agraphia

Answer 44

there is a specific difficulty in transforming phonologic
information, acquired through the auditory sense, into
orthographic forms;

others see it as a block between the visual form of phonemes, and the cursive movements of
the hand

Question 45

lesions of agraphia

Answer 45

imaging sometimes discloses a lesion of the posterior

perisylvian area

Question 46

letters and words are formed clearly

enough but are wrongly arranged on the page

Answer 46

constructional agraphia .

Question 47

language formulation is correct
and the spatial arrangements of words are respected, but
the hand has lost its skill in forming letters and words

Answer 47

apraxic agraphias.

Question 48

types of linguistical agraphia

Answer 48

phonologic, lexical,and semantic types.

Question 49

or there may
be preserved ability to write nonsense words but not
irregular words, such as island ___________

Answer 49

(lexical agraphia);

Question 50

patients
with __________ have difficulty incorporating the
proper meaning into the written word, e.g., “the moon
comes out at knight. “

Answer 50

semantic agraphia

Question 51

Aphasia has also been described frequently with
_______________, particularly if they
extend laterally into the subcortical white matter of the
temporal lobe and insula.

Answer 51

dominant striatocapsular lesions

Question 52

\_\_\_\_\_\_ or the production of vocal sounds, is a
function of the larynx, more particularly the vocal cords

Answer 52

Phonation,

Question 53

the past, bilateral paralysis of the
palate, causing nasality of speech, often occurred with
_______ and ________ but now it occurs most
often with _________ a form of motor
neuron disease

Answer 53

diphtheria and poliomyelitis,

progressive bulbar palsy,

Question 54

What state is this?

the jaw jerk and other facial reflexes usually
become exaggerated, the palatal reflexes are retained or
increased, and emotional control is impaired (spasmodic,
crying, and laughing

Answer 54

the pseudobulbar affective state

Question 55

_________ is
a condition in which the signs of spastic and atrophic
bulbar palsy are combined.

Answer 55

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

Question 56

A severe dysarthria that is difficult to classify, but
resembles that of cerebellar disease, may occur with a
left hemiplegia, usually the result of ___________

Answer 56

capsular or right

opercular infarction

Question 57

rapid
mumbling and cluttered utterance and slurring of words
and syllables. The voice is low-pitched and monotonous,
lacking both inflection and volume (hypophonia), and
trailing off in volume at the ends of sentences

Answer 57

R i g i d ( Extra pyra m i d a l ) Dysa rt h r i a

Question 58

Talking is loud, harsh, improperly stressed or accented, and poorly coordinated with breathing: what type of speech?

Associated with what conditions?

Answer 58

(hyperkinetic dysarthria).

chorea and myoclonus

Question 59

The Tourette syndrome
of multiple motor and vocal tics is characterized both by
____________ (barking noises, squeals, shrieks,
grunting, sniffing, snorting) and by ____________,
notably stuttering and the involuntary utterance of
obscenities__________

Answer 59

startling vocalizations

speech disturbances

(coprolalia).

Question 60

The
speech is loud, slow, and labored; it is poorly coordinated
with breathing and accompanied by facial contortions
and athetotic excesses of tone in other muscles

Answer 60

double athetosis.

Question 61

Scanning
dysarthria, speaking metronomically as if scanning poetry
for meter, is another distinctive cerebellar pattern and is
most often a result of __________

Answer 61

mesencephalic lesions involving the

brachium conjunctivum

Question 62

interruptions o f the

normal rhythm of speech by involuntary repetition prolongation or arrest of uttered letters or syllables

Answer 62

stuttering

Question 63

Stuttering differs
from ____________ in which there is repetition of a word or phrase with increasing rapidity, and from ________, in
which there is an obligate repetition of words or phrases

Answer 63

palilalia,

echolalia

Question 64

A condition in which otherwise healthy, who lose
the ability to speak quietly and fluently. Any attempt to
speak results in simultaneous contraction of the speech
musculature, so that the patient’s voice is strained and
speaking requires an effort.

Answer 64

spasmodic dysphonia

Question 65

conditions associated with spasmodic dysphonia

Answer 65

with blepharospasm, spasmodic torticollis, writer ‘s

cramp, or some other type of segmental dystonia

Question 66

The most effective tx for spasmodic dysphonia

Answer 66

The most effective
treatment, comparable to treatment of other segmental
dystonias, consists of the injection of 5 to 20 U of botulinum
toxin, under laryngoscopic guidance, into each
thyroarytenoid or cricothyroid muscle