GAIT Flashcards

1
Q

Feet in normal gait

A

The feet are slightly externally rotated, the
steps are approximately equal, and the medial malleoli
almost touch as each foot passes the other

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2
Q

The normal gait cycle, defined as the period between
successive points at which the
_________________

A

heel of the same foot

strikes the ground,

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3
Q

The ________________, during which the foot is in contact

with the ground, occupies 60 to 65 percent of the cycle

A

stance phase

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4
Q

______________begins when the right toes leave the

ground

A

The swing phase

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5
Q

For 20 to 25 percent of the walking cycle, both

feet are in contact with the ground ____________

A

(double-limb support).

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6
Q

the requirements
for locomotion in an upright, bipedal position may be
reduced to the following elements:

A

(1) antigravity support
of the body, (2) stepping, (3) the maintenance of
equilibrium, and (4) a means of propulsion

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7
Q

The muscles of greatest importance in maintaining the

erect posture are the _____ and _______

A

erector spinae and the extensors of the

hips and knees

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8
Q

These____________ depend on the afferent
vestibular, somatosensory (proprioceptive and tactile), and
visual impulses, which are integrated in the spinal cord,
brainstem, and basal ganglia

A

postural reflexes

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9
Q

Transection of the neuraxis
between the red and vestibular nuclei leads to exaggeration
of these antigravity reflexes-__________

A

decerebrate rigidity

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10
Q

_________ the second element, is a basic movement

pattern present at birth and integrated at the spinal midbrain and diencephalic levels.

A

Stepping

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11
Q

The ________ is absolutely integral to initiating

and engaging the gait cycle.

A

frontal lobe

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12
Q

true “gait center” in the cerebrum

A

supplementary motor areas relating

to the legs

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13
Q

the __________________ embody automatic

programs for walking that are intimately tied to adjacent networks in the striatum

A

medial frontal lobes

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14
Q

Patients with a ___________ show unsteadiness in standing and walking, often without widening
their base, and an inability to descend stairs without
holding onto the banister

A

chronic vestibulopathy

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15
Q

Chronic disorders of vestibular function in relation
to gait disorders are most often the result of prolonged
administration of ______ or other toxic medications, which destroy the hair cells of the _______

A

aminoglycoside antibiotics

vestibular labyrinth.

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16
Q

Vestibular suppressants, such as _________
that are available over the counter, can lead to
decreased function of the vestibular system

A

meclizine and

similar medications, mostly anticholinergic and antihistaminic

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17
Q

Where is the lesion?..There is difficulty in taking the first step; once it is taken, and in extreme cases, the body pitches forward and a fall
can be prevented only by catch-up stepping (propulsive
festination) .

A

BG

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18
Q

Pain in the hips or knees can lead to a disorder ___________ that can be challenging to distinguish from neurological
causes of gait problems

A

(antalgic

gait)

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19
Q

the____________-marked swaying or falling with the eyes closed but not with the eyes open-usually indicates a loss of postural sense, not of cerebellar function, although with ___________disease there may be an exaggeration
of swaying.

A

Romberg sign

vestibular or cerebellar

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20
Q

A tendency to veer to one side, as
occurs with unilateral cerebellar or vestibular disease,
can be brought out by having the_________

A

patient walk around

a chair.

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21
Q

More delicate tests of gait are walking a straight

line heel to toe (“tandem walking test”),_______

A

walking backward, and having the patient arise quickly from a chair, walk briskly, stop and turn suddenly, walk back, and sit down again

22
Q

It is instructive to observe the patient’s postural reaction to a sudden push or tug backward at the shoulders and forward or to the side. With postural instability of
any type there is a delay or___________

A

inadequacy of corrective

actions.

23
Q

The main features are a wide base (separation of legs),

unsteadiness, irregularity of steps, and lateral veering.

A

Cerebel l a r G a it

24
Q

This is characteristic of inebriation with alcohol, sedative

drugs, and antiepileptic drugs

A

Reel i n g G a it of I ntoxication

25
Q

Despite wide excursions
of the body and deviation from the line of march, the
drunken patient may, for short distances, be able to walk
on a narrow base and maintain his balance.

In contrast, the patient with cerebellar gait has great difficulty in _______

A

correcting his balance if he sways or lurches too far to one side.

26
Q

This disorder is caused by an impairment of joint position or muscular kinesthetic sense resulting from interruption
of afferent nerve fibers in the peripheral nerves, posterior
roots, sensory ganglia, posterior columns of the spinal
cords, or medial lemnisci, and occasionally from a lesion of both parietal lobes.

A

G a it of Sensory Ataxia

27
Q

The principal features of sensory-ataxic gait are the
______________

To use Ramsay Hunt’s characterization,
the patient with this gait disorder is recognized by
his ________

A

brusqueness of movement of the legs and stamping of
the feet as the foot is forcibly brought down onto the
floor

“stamp and stick.

28
Q

The most specific feature is that

in sensory ataxia, ataxia is markedly exaggerated___________

A

when the patient is

deprived of visual cues, as in walking in the dark.

29
Q

This gait pattern is caused by paralysis of the pretibial
and peroneal muscles, with resultant inability to dorsiflex the foot (foot drop).

In its purest form it is the result of ____ and ______

There is a _________ noise as the foot strikes the
floor.

A

Steppage or Eq u i n e G a it ( Foot-Drop Ga it)

peroneal
nerve or fifth lumbar root damage

slapping

30
Q

The legs are extended or slightly bent at the knees and the thighs may be strongly adducted, causing the legs almost to cross as the patient walks ________

A

(scissor-like gait)

31
Q

Diminished or absent arm swing, forward bent torso,
short or shuffling steps, turning en bloc, hesitation in
starting to walk, shuffling, or “freezing” when encountering doorways or other obstacles are the features of the_________

A

parkinsonian gait

32
Q

A normal person readily retains his stability or adjusts to modest displacement of the trunk with a single step, but the parkinsonian patient may ________

A

lean backward with the upper torso and then stagger or fall unless someone stands by to prevent it.

33
Q

one encounters an elderly patient with
only the instability and freezing components of the
parkinsonian gait disorder, so-called _________

It may be an early manifestation
of :

A

lower-half parkinsonism.

progressive supranuclear palsy, a basal ganglionic
degeneration, normal pressure hydrocephalus, or widespread
subcortical vascular damage

34
Q

Diseases characterized by involuntary movements and

dystonic postures seriously affect gait

A

Choreoathetotic a n d Dyston i c G a its

35
Q

As the patient with _______ and _______tands or walks, there is a continuous play of
irregular movements affecting the face, neck, hands, and,
in the advanced stages,

A

congenital athetosis or Huntington

chorea s

36
Q

__________ an unusual nondystonic disorder
causing severe axial muscle spasm, imparts a characteristic
appearance of stiffness of the legs and buttock
muscles, slow propulsion, and lumbar lordosis; there is
sometimes a mild superimposed ataxic disturbance of
gait (

A

Stiff-person syndrome,

37
Q

Another unusual disorder affecting
the body position during walking is ___________, a
severe forward bending of the trunk at the waist that is
symptomatic of either a dystonia, Parkinson disease, or
one of several muscle diseases that focally weaken the
extensors of the spine

A

camptocormia

38
Q

This gait is characteristic of the gluteal muscle weakness that is seen in the progressive muscular dystrophies, but
it occurs as well in chronic forms of spinal muscular atrophy,

in certain inflammatory myopathies, lumbosacral
nerve root compression, and with congenital dislocation
of the hips.

A

Wad d l i n g ( G l utea l, o r Trendelen b u rg ) Gait

39
Q

With weakness of the ____________, however, there is a failure
to stabilize the weight-bearing hip, causing it to bulge
outward and the opposite side of the pelvis to drop, with inclination of the trunk to that side.

A

glutei

40
Q

With unilateral gluteal weakness, often the result of damage to the first sacral nerve root, tilting and dropping of the pelvis __________ is apparent on only one side as the patient overlifts the leg when walking.

A

(“pelvic ptosis”)

41
Q

__________meaning tottering and falling, occurs with
brainstem and cerebellar lesions, especially in the older
person following a stroke

It is a frequent feature of the
___________, in which falling occurs to
the side of the infarction

A

Toppling,

lateral medullary syndrome

42
Q

dystonia of the neck is combined
with paralysis of vertical gaze and pseudobulbar features,
unexplained falling is often an early and prominent
feature

A

PSP

43
Q

In a related defect caused by a vestibular disorder,
the patient may describe a sense of________
rather than of imbalance. It is most fully manifest
in the lateral medullary syndrome

A

being pushed (pulsion)

44
Q

In reaction to a perception
of severe imbalance, which is characteristic of the
disorder, the patient assumes a widened and often stifflegged
stance.

A

Pri m a ry Orthostatic Trem o r

45
Q

Its main featuresslowed
cadence, widened base and short steps-are the
natural compensations observed in patients with all manner
of gait disorders.

A

NPH

46
Q

in NPH, Tone in the leg muscles of the NPH patient is often slightly increased, with a tendency to ______

A

cocontraction of flexor and extensor muscle groups

47
Q

patients with NPH often have ______
and have short steps that are helped by marching to a
cadence or in step with the examiner.

A

difficulty initiating gait

48
Q

characteristic of NPH gait

A

They reported a reduction in height of

step, an increase in sway, and a decrease in rotation of the pelvis and counter-rotation of the torso.

49
Q

lesions of frontal lobe causing gait disturbance

A

particularly their

medial parts and their connections with the basal ganglia.

50
Q

This disorder is sometimes spoken of as a frontal lobe
as an _________ among numerous other labels,
because the difficulty in walking cannot be accounted
for by weakness, loss of sensation, cerebellar incoordination,
or basal ganglionic abnormality

A

“apraxia of gait”

51
Q

More likely, the frontal gait
disorder represents a loss of integration,___________of the essential elements of stance and locomotion that are acquired in infancy and often lost in old age.

A

at the cortical

and basal ganglionic levels,