Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Paediatrics > Neurology > Flashcards

Neurology Flashcards

1
Q

How does brain develop

A

Myelin sheath

Synapses between dendrites

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What can affect the brain

A 
Congenital
Neurogenetic
Neurometabolic
Infection
Ischaemia 
Trauma
Tumour 
Autoimmune
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What do you look for in neuro examination (difficult to do full adult in young child)

A 
Observation 
Appearance / unusual facial features / skin findings 
Gait
Posture 
Head circumference
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the most common cancer in children and 2nd most common

A

Leukaemia

Brain tumour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What can you describe headaches as

X = underlying cause more likely

A

Isolated acute X
Recurrent acute
Chronic progressive X = worry
Chronic non-progressive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What type of headache is migraine

A

Acute and recurrent = most common type

Tension = second most common

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What do you include in headache history

A 
Is there more than one type of headache
Any warning signs 
Location
Severity
Duration 
Frequency
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is a red flag sign in headache

A

Localised to the back

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What do you look for on examination of headache and what does this indicate

A 
Growth - craniopharyngioma
OFC - hydrocephalus 
BP - hypertension 
Sinuses - sinusitis 
Visual acuity - vision headache
Fundoscopy - papilloedema 
Visual field - craniopharyngioma 
Cranial bruit
Focal neurological signs
Cognitive / emotion
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

How many tension type headaches do you get and how long do they last

A

10+

30 mins- 7 days

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are tension headahce

A 
Diffuse and symmetrical
Bilateral 
Band like 
Present most of the time
Constant mild ache 
No N+V / photo or phonophobia / no aggravation exercise
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What suggests raised ICP (need scan)

A

Worsen bending down / coughing / straining
Woken up from sleep
Morning headache
Vomiting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What suggests analgesic overuse

A

Headache is back before allowed to use another dose

Common in paracetamol, NSAIDs, cocodamol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are indications for neuroimaging

A 
Cerebellar dysfunction
Features of raised ICP
New focal neurological deficit e.g. squint 
Seizures esp focal
Personality change 
Unexplained deterioration of school work
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are features of cerebellar dysfunction

A 
Dyskinesia
Ataxia
Nystagmus
Inentention tremor
Scanning dysarthria
Hypotonia 
Past pointing on finger nose test
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

How do you manage TTH

A

Reassure no sinister cause
MDT
Look for physical / psychological causes
Analgesia - paracetamol 15mg /kg or Ibuprofen 10mg / kg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What do you give as prophylaxis

A

Amitryptilline

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Most common type of headache in children

A

Migraine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

How many migraine can you get

A

5+

4-72 hours

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

How does migraine present

A 
Hemicranial 
Uni or bilateral
Frontal or temporal
Throbbing or pulsatile 
Abdo pain
N+V
Pallor
Photophobia
Focal - visual / parathesia / weakness / aura
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What triggers migraine

A

Fatigue
Stress
Exercise
FH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What relieves migraine

A

Sleep

Dark

23
Q

What do you give acutely

A

Triptans >12 nasal spray

Ibuprofen

24
Q

How do you prevent migraine

A

Propranolol = 1st line
Amitryptiline
Sodium valproate

25
Q

What is the role of the EEG

A

EEG if not having a seizure is not sensitive (30-60%)
May have false +ve findings on EEG
Useful if catch during a seizure
Useful to find out seizure type, syndrome and cause rather than Dx

26
Q

What is cerebral palsy

A

Non-progessive lesion of motor pathway in developing brain

More at risk if pre-term

27
Q

What causes

A 
Antenatal - Rubella / toxoplasmosis / CMV
Bith asphyxia
Pre-term
IVH
Meningitis
Severe jaundice 
Head injury / trauma
28
Q

What types of cerebral palsy

A

Spastic due to damage to UMN
Dyskinetic due to damage to basal ganglia
Ataxic due to damage to cerebellum

29
Q

How does cerebral palsy present

A 
Hypertonia
Clonus
Brisk reflex
LImb weakness
Spastic
Delayed motor
Abnormal gait
Poor feeding
30
Q

How do you treat cerebral palsy

A 
MDT
Physio
OT 
SALT - may need NG or PEG 
Dietician
Orthopaedic surgeon 
Spasticity - baclofen / diazepam / botox 
Anti-convulsant for epilepsy 
Analgesia
31
Q

Complications

A 
LD
Epilepsy
Squint
Hearing and visual 
GORD
Muscle contractures
32
Q

Most common cause of death in children

A

Head injury

33
Q

Indications for ED / observation

A 
GCS <15
Post trauma seizure
Focal neuro 
Fracture sign
LOC
Severe + persistent headache
Repeat vomit >1
Amnesia >5
Retrograde >3
High risk mechanism
Coagulopathy
34
Q

How do you examine

A 
AVPU
GCS
Pupils 
Vital signs
Palpate skull
Battle sign
Examine TM - CSF / blood in ears 
Temp / blood glucose - other causes of seizure / LOC
35
Q

Indications for immediate head CT

A 
GCS <13/14 or 15 if <1
Basal skull
HIgh speed RTA
LOC >30 mins
Focal neuro
Open or depressed skull or tense fontanelle
Coagulopathy
36
Q

Head CT within 8 hours

A 
Bruising 
Laceration >5cm
Amnesia >5 minutes  + retrograde >3
Seizure
Repeated vomitng >1
Drowsy within 8 hours 
NAI
37
Q

How do you image C-spine

A

X-ray <10

CT >10

38
Q

When do you image C-spine

A

Severe head or cord injury signs e.g. weakness

39
Q

When do you admit to the ward

A 
CT needed
NAI
Co-morbid
Can't make full assessment 
Social
40
Q

When do you discharge with follow up

A 
Consciousness recovered
E+D
No vomit
Neuro resolved
Imaging reviewed
41
Q

What is hydrocephalus

A

Impaired cerebrospinal flow

Resorption or eccess production

42
Q

What causes hydrocephalus

A

Most commonly genetically acquired outflow obstruction at cerebral aqueduct
Aqueductal stenosis that connects 3rd and 4th ventricle
Arachnoid cyst
Arnold chair

43
Q

What are the clinical features of hydrocephalus

A 
Increase in head circumgerence
Bulding anterior fontanelle 
Vomiting
Droswy 
Irritbale 
Poor tone 
Sunsetting eyes - downward
Seizures
Blurred vision
Headaches
44
Q

How do you treat hydrocephalus and complications

A

VP shunt

Infection
Blockage
IVH during surgery
Return of Sx due to outgrowing

45
Q

What is common cause of neonatal death

A

Hypoglycaemia
Meningitis
Head trauma

46
Q

What suggests basal skull fracture

A

Battle sign
Panda eyes
Blood or CSF out of ear or nose

47
Q

What is important in the history of head injury

A 
Mechanism
LOC
Vomiting
Headache
VIsual 
Drowsy
Were they well prior
48
Q

What should you do if sending home

A

Safety net worsening symptoms

49
Q

What is craniosyntosis and complications

A 
Skull sutures close prematurely resulting in abnormal head shape
Small in proportion to body 
Will eventually lead to raised ICP 
Developmental delay
Cognitive impairment
Vomiting
Irritable 
Visual 
Seizure
50
Q

How do you Dx

A

Refer specialist
Skull X-ray = 1st line
CT to confrim

51
Q

How do you Rx

A

Surgical reconstruction

52
Q

What is other causes of abnormal head

A

Plagiocephaly

Brachycecphaly

53
Q

What causes

A

Babies resting head at particular point

Results in bone and sutures moulding

54
Q

How do you manage

A

Exclude craniosyntosis
Reassurance
Supervised tummy time

Paediatrics (35 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions