Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Pharmacology > Neurology > Flashcards

Neurology Flashcards

1
Q

Epinephrine

A

α-agonist
Decreases IOP by inhibiting synthesis of aqueous humor via vasoconstriction.
Glaucoma
Mydriasis. Do not use in closed-angle glaucoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Brimonidine

A

α2-agonist
Decreases IOP by decreasing inhibiting synthesis of aqueous humor
Glaucoma
Blurry vision, ocular hyperemia, foreign body sensation, ocular allergic reactions, ocular pruritis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Timolol

A

β-blocker
Decreases IOP by decreasing inhibiting synthesis of aqueous humor
Glaucoma
No pupillary or vision changes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Betaxolol

A

β-blocker
Decreases IOP by decreasing inhibiting synthesis of aqueous humor
Glaucoma
No pupillary or vision changes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Carteolol

A

β-blocker
Decreases IOP by decreasing inhibiting synthesis of aqueous humor
Glaucoma
No pupillary or vision changes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Acetazolamide

A

Decreases IOP by decreasing amount of aqueous humor production via inhibition of carbonic anhydrase
Glaucoma
No pupillary or vision changes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Pilocarpine

A

Direct cholinomimetic
Increases outflow of aqueous humor via contraction of ciliary muscle and opening of trabecular meshwork
Glaucoma, especially in emergencies. Very effective in opening meshwork into canal of Schlemm
Miosis and cyclospasm (contraction of ciliary muscle)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Carbachol

A

Direct cholinomimetic
Increases outflow of aqueous humor via contraction of ciliary muscle and opening of trabecular meshwork
Glaucoma
Miosis and cyclospasm (contraction of ciliary muscle)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Physostigmine

A

Indirect cholinomimetic
Increases outflow of aqueous humor via contraction of ciliary muscle and opening of trabecular meshwork
Glaucoma
Miosis and cyclospasm (contraction of ciliary muscle)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Echothiophate

A

Indirect cholinomimetic
Increases outflow of aqueous humor via contraction of ciliary muscle and opening of trabecular meshwork
Glaucoma
Miosis and cyclospasm (contraction of ciliary muscle)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Latanoprost (PGF2α)

A

Decreases IOP by Increasing outflow of aqueous humor
Glaucoma
Darkens iris color (browning)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Morphine

A

Opioid analgesic
Acts as opioid receptor agonist to modulate synaptic transmission. Opens K channels, closes Ca channels, leading to decreased synaptic transmission. Inhibits release of Ach, NE, 5-HT, glutamate, and substance P.
Pain, acute pulmonary edema, general anesthetic (in combination with other CNS depressants)
Addiction, respiratory depression, constipation, miosis (pinpoint pupils), additive CNS depression with other drugs. Tolerance does not develop to miosis and constipation.
Treat toxicity with naloxone or naltrexone (opioid receptor antagonist).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Fentanyl

A

Opioid analgesic
Acts as opioid receptor agonist to modulate synaptic transmission. Opens K channels, closes Ca channels, leading to decreased synaptic transmission. Inhibits release of Ach, NE, 5-HT, glutamate, and substance P.
Pain, acute pulmonary edema, general anesthetic (in combination with other CNS depressants)
Addiction, respiratory depression, constipation, miosis (pinpoint pupils), additive CNS depression with other drugs. Tolerance does not develop to miosis and constipation.
Treat toxicity with naloxone or naltrexone (opioid receptor antagonist).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Codeine

A

Opioid analgesic
Acts as opioid receptor agonist to modulate synaptic transmission. Opens K channels, closes Ca channels, leading to decreased synaptic transmission. Inhibits release of Ach, NE, 5-HT, glutamate, and substance P.
Pain, acute pulmonary edema
Addiction, respiratory depression, constipation, miosis (pinpoint pupils), additive CNS depression with other drugs. Tolerance does not develop to miosis and constipation.
Treat toxicity with naloxone or naltrexone (opioid receptor antagonist).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Methadone

A

Opioid analgesic
Acts as opioid receptor agonist to modulate synaptic transmission. Opens K channels, closes Ca channels, leading to decreased synaptic transmission. Inhibits release of Ach, NE, 5-HT, glutamate, and substance P.
Maintenance programs for individuals with heroin addiction
Addiction, respiratory depression, constipation, miosis (pinpoint pupils), additive CNS depression with other drugs. Tolerance does not develop to miosis and constipation.
Treat toxicity with naloxone or naltrexone (opioid receptor antagonist).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Meperidine

A

Opioid analgesic
Acts as opioid receptor agonist to modulate synaptic transmission. Opens K channels, closes Ca channels, leading to decreased synaptic transmission. Inhibits release of Ach, NE, 5-HT, glutamate, and substance P.
Pain, acute pulmonary edema
Addiction, respiratory depression, constipation, miosis (pinpoint pupils), additive CNS depression with other drugs. Tolerance does not develop to miosis and constipation.
Treat toxicity with naloxone or naltrexone (opioid receptor antagonist).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Dextromethorphan

A

Opioid analgesic
Acts as opioid receptor agonist to modulate synaptic transmission. Opens K channels, closes Ca channels, leading to decreased synaptic transmission. Inhibits release of Ach, NE, 5-HT, glutamate, and substance P.
Cough suppressant
Addiction, respiratory depression, constipation, miosis (pinpoint pupils), additive CNS depression with other drugs. Tolerance does not develop to miosis and constipation.
Treat toxicity with naloxone or naltrexone (opioid receptor antagonist).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Diphenoxylate

A

Opioid analgesic
Acts as opioid receptor agonist to modulate synaptic transmission. Opens K channels, closes Ca channels, leading to decreased synaptic transmission. Inhibits release of Ach, NE, 5-HT, glutamate, and substance P.
Pain, acute pulmonary edema
Addiction, respiratory depression, constipation, miosis (pinpoint pupils), additive CNS depression with other drugs. Tolerance does not develop to miosis and constipation.
Treat toxicity with naloxone or naltrexone (opioid receptor antagonist).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Butorphanol

A

Mu-opiod receptor partial agonist and kappa-opioid receptor agonist. Produces analgesia.
Severe pain (migraine, labor, etc).
Less respiratory depression than full opioid agonists. Can cause opioid withdrawal symptoms if patient is also taking full opioid agonist (competition for opioid receptors).
Overdose not easily reversed.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Tramadol

A

Very weak opioid agonist. Also inhibits serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake.
Chronic pain.
Toxicity similar to opioids. Decreases seizure threshold. Serotonin syndrome.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Phenobarbitol

A

Barbituate
Facilitate GABA-A action by increased duration of Cl channel opening, thus decreasing neuron firing.
Sedate for anxiety, seizures, insomnia.
Respiratory and cardiovascular depression (can be fatal). CNS depression (exacerbated by EtOH use), dependence, drug interactions (induces CYP450). Contraindicated in porphyria.
Overdose treatment is supportive (assist respiration, maintain BP).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Pentobarbital

A

Barbituate
Facilitate GABA-A action by increased duration of Cl channel opening, thus decreasing neuron firing.
Sedate for anxiety, seizures, insomnia.
Respiratory and cardiovascular depression (can be fatal). CNS depression (exacerbated by EtOH use), dependence, drug interactions (induces CYP450). Contraindicated in porphyria.
Overdose treatment is supportive (assist respiration, maintain BP).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Thiopental

A

Barbituate
Facilitate GABA-A action by increased duration of Cl channel opening, thus decreasing neuron firing. High potency, high lipid solubility, rapid entry into brain. Decreases cerebral blood flow. Effects terminated by rapid redistribution into tissue and fat.
Induction of anesthesia, short surgical procedures.
Respiratory and cardiovascular depression (can be fatal). CNS depression (exacerbated by EtOH use), dependence, drug interactions (induces CYP450). Contraindicated in porphyria.
Overdose treatment is supportive (assist respiration, maintain BP).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Secobarbital

A

Barbituate
Facilitate GABA-A action by increased duration of Cl channel opening, thus decreasing neuron firing.
Sedate for anxiety, seizures, insomnia.
Respiratory and cardiovascular depression (can be fatal). CNS depression (exacerbated by EtOH use), dependence, drug interactions (induces CYP450). Contraindicated in porphyria.
Overdose treatment is supportive (assist respiration, maintain BP).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Diazepam

A

Benzodiazepine
Facilitate GABA-A action by increasing frequency of Cl channel opening. Decreases REM sleep. Long half-life with active metabolites.
Anxiety, spasticity, status epilepticus (first line treatment for acute), eclampsia (after magnesium sulfate), detoxification (especially alcohol withdrawal/delirium tremens), night terrors, sleepwalking, general anesthetic (amnesia, muscle relaxation), hypnotic (insomnia).
Dependence, additive CNS depression effects with alcohol. Less risk of respiratory depression and coma than with barbiturates.
Treat overdose with flumazenil (competitive antagonist at GABA benzodiazpeine receptor).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Lorazepam

A

Benzodiazepine
Facilitate GABA-A action by increasing frequency of Cl channel opening. Decreases REM sleep. Long half-life with active metabolites.
Anxiety, spasticity, status epilepticus (first line treatment for acute), eclampsia (after magnesium sulfate), detoxification (especially alcohol withdrawal/delirium tremens), night terrors, sleepwalking, general anesthetic (amnesia, muscle relaxation), hypnotic (insomnia).
Dependence, additive CNS depression effects with alcohol. Less risk of respiratory depression and coma than with barbiturates.
Treat overdose with flumazenil (competitive antagonist at GABA benzodiazpeine receptor).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Triazolam

A

Benzodiazepine
Facilitate GABA-A action by increasing frequency of Cl channel opening. Decreases REM sleep. Short acting, higher addictive potential.
Anxiety, spasticity, detoxification (especially alcohol withdrawal/delirium tremens), night terrors, sleepwalking, general anesthetic (amnesia, muscle relaxation), hypnotic (insomnia).
Dependence, additive CNS depression effects with alcohol. Less risk of respiratory depression and coma than with barbiturates.
Treat overdose with flumazenil (competitive antagonist at GABA benzodiazpeine receptor).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Temazepam

A

Benzodiazepine
Facilitate GABA-A action by increasing frequency of Cl channel opening. Decreases REM sleep. Long half-life with active metabolites.
Anxiety, spasticity, detoxification (especially alcohol withdrawal/delirium tremens), night terrors, sleepwalking, general anesthetic (amnesia, muscle relaxation), hypnotic (insomnia).
Dependence, additive CNS depression effects with alcohol. Less risk of respiratory depression and coma than with barbiturates.
Treat overdose with flumazenil (competitive antagonist at GABA benzodiazpeine receptor).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Oxazepam

A

Benzodiazepine
Facilitate GABA-A action by increasing frequency of Cl channel opening. Decreases REM sleep. Short acting, higher addictive potential.
Anxiety, spasticity, detoxification (especially alcohol withdrawal/delirium tremens), night terrors, sleepwalking, general anesthetic (amnesia, muscle relaxation), hypnotic (insomnia).
Dependence, additive CNS depression effects with alcohol. Less risk of respiratory depression and coma than with barbiturates.
Treat overdose with flumazenil (competitive antagonist at GABA benzodiazpeine receptor).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Midazolam

A

Benzodiazepine
Facilitate GABA-A action by increasing frequency of Cl channel opening. Decreases REM sleep. Short acting, higher addictive potential.
Anxiety, spasticity, detoxification (especially alcohol withdrawal/delirium tremens), night terrors, sleepwalking, general anesthetic (amnesia, muscle relaxation), hypnotic (insomnia). Used adjunctively with gaseous anesthetics and narcotics.
Dependence, additive CNS depression effects with alcohol. Less risk of respiratory depression and coma than with barbiturates. May cause severe postoperative respiratory depression, hypotension, and anterograde amnesia.
Treat overdose with flumazenil (competitive antagonist at GABA benzodiazpeine receptor).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Chlordiazepoxide

A

Benzodiazepine
Facilitate GABA-A action by increasing frequency of Cl channel opening. Decreases REM sleep. Long half-life with active metabolites.
Anxiety, spasticity, detoxification (especially alcohol withdrawal/delirium tremens), night terrors, sleepwalking, general anesthetic (amnesia, muscle relaxation), hypnotic (insomnia).
Dependence, additive CNS depression effects with alcohol. Less risk of respiratory depression and coma than with barbiturates.
Treat overdose with flumazenil (competitive antagonist at GABA benzodiazpeine receptor).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Alprazolam

A

Benzodiazepine
Facilitate GABA-A action by increasing frequency of Cl channel opening. Decreases REM sleep. Long half-life with active metabolites.
Anxiety, spasticity, detoxification (especially alcohol withdrawal/delirium tremens), night terrors, sleepwalking, general anesthetic (amnesia, muscle relaxation), hypnotic (insomnia).
Dependence, additive CNS depression effects with alcohol. Less risk of respiratory depression and coma than with barbiturates.
Treat overdose with flumazenil (competitive antagonist at GABA benzodiazpeine receptor).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Zolpidem (Ambien)

A

Non-benzodiazepine hypnotic
Act via BZ1 subtype of the GABA receptor.
Insomnia.
Ataxia, headaches, confusion. Short duration of action because of rapid metabolism by liver enzymes. Unlike older sedative-hypnotics, cause only modest day-after psychomotor depression and few amnestic effects. Less dependence risk than benzodiazepines.
Effects reversed by flumazenil.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Zaleplon

A

Non-benzodiazepine hypnotic
Act via BZ1 subtype of the GABA receptor.
Insomnia.
Ataxia, headaches, confusion. Short duration of action because of rapid metabolism by liver enzymes. Unlike older sedative-hypnotics, cause only modest day-after psychomotor depression and few amnestic effects. Less dependence risk than benzodiazepines.
Effects reversed by flumazenil.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Eszopiclone

A

Non-benzodiazepine hypnotic
Act via BZ1 subtype of the GABA receptor.
Insomnia.
Ataxia, headaches, confusion. Short duration of action because of rapid metabolism by liver enzymes. Unlike older sedative-hypnotics, cause only modest day-after psychomotor depression and few amnestic effects. Less dependence risk than benzodiazepines.
Effects reversed by flumazenil.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Halothane

A

Inhaled anesthetic.
Unknown mechanism.
Myocardial depression, respiratory depression, nausea/emesis, increased cerebral blood flow (decreased cerebral metabolic demand).
Hepatotoxicity, malignant hyperthermia.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Enflurane

A

Inhaled anesthetic.
Unknown mechanism.
Myocardial depression, respiratory depression, nausea/emesis, increased cerebral blood flow (decreased cerebral metabolic demand).
Proconvulsant, malignant hyperthermia.

38
Q

Isoflurane

A

Inhaled anesthetic.
Unknown mechanism.
Myocardial depression, respiratory depression, nausea/emesis, increased cerebral blood flow (decreased cerebral metabolic demand).
Malignant hyperthermia.

39
Q

Sevoflurane

A

Inhaled anesthetic.
Unknown mechanism.
Myocardial depression, respiratory depression, nausea/emesis, increased cerebral blood flow (decreased cerebral metabolic demand).
Malignant hyperthermia.

40
Q

Methoxyflurane

A

Inhaled anesthetic.
Unknown mechanism.
Myocardial depression, respiratory depression, nausea/emesis, increased cerebral blood flow (decreased cerebral metabolic demand).
Nephrotoxicity, malignant hyperthermia.

41
Q

Nitrous oxide

A

Inhaled anesthetic.
Unknown mechanism.
Myocardial depression, respiratory depression, nausea/emesis, increased cerebral blood flow (decreased cerebral metabolic demand).
Expansion of trapped gas in a body cavity.

42
Q

Ketamine

A

Arylcyclohexylamine
PCP analog that acts as dissociative anesthetic. Blocks NMDA receptors. Cardiovascular stimulant.
Disorientation, hallucination, bad dreams. Increases cerebral blood flow.

43
Q

Propofol

A

Potentiates GABA-A.
Rapid anesthesia induction, used for short procedures. Used for sedation in ICU. Less postoperative nausea than thiopental.

44
Q

Procaine

A

Local anesthetic. Ester.
Block Na channels by binding to specific receptors on inner portion of channel. Preferentially bind to activated Na channels, so most effective in rapidly firing neurons.
Minor surgical procedures, spinal anesthesia. Used in patients with amide allergy.
CNS excitation, hypertension, hypotension.

45
Q

Cocaine

A

Local anesthetic. Ester.
Block Na channels by binding to specific receptors on inner portion of channel. Preferentially bind to activated Na channels, so most effective in rapidly firing neurons.
Minor surgical procedures, spinal anesthesia. Used in patients with amide allergy.
CNS excitation, hypertension, hypotension, arrhythmias.

46
Q

Tetracaine

A

Local anesthetic. Ester.
Block Na channels by binding to specific receptors on inner portion of channel. Preferentially bind to activated Na channels, so most effective in rapidly firing neurons.
Minor surgical procedures, spinal anesthesia. Used in patients with amide allergy.
CNS excitation, hypertension, hypotension.

47
Q

Lidocaine

A

Local anesthetic. Amide.
Block Na channels by binding to specific receptors on inner portion of channel. Preferentially bind to activated Na channels, so most effective in rapidly firing neurons. Tertiary amines penetrate membrane in uncharged form, then bind to ion channels in charged form.
Minor surgical procedures, spinal anesthesia.
CNS excitation, hypertension, hypotension, allergy (use esters instead).

48
Q

Mepivacaine

A

Local anesthetic. Amide.
Block Na channels by binding to specific receptors on inner portion of channel. Preferentially bind to activated Na channels, so most effective in rapidly firing neurons. Tertiary amines penetrate membrane in uncharged form, then bind to ion channels in charged form.
Minor surgical procedures, spinal anesthesia.
CNS excitation, hypertension, hypotension, allergy (use esters instead).

49
Q

Bupivacaine

A

Local anesthetic. Amide.
Block Na channels by binding to specific receptors on inner portion of channel. Preferentially bind to activated Na channels, so most effective in rapidly firing neurons. Tertiary amines penetrate membrane in uncharged form, then bind to ion channels in charged form.
Minor surgical procedures, spinal anesthesia.
CNS excitation, severe cardiovascular toxicity, hypertension, hypotension, allergy (use esters instead).

50
Q

Succinylcholine

A

Depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent.
Strong Ach receptor agonist. Produces sustained depolarization and prevents muscle contraction.
Used for muscle paralysis in surgery or mechanical ventilation. Selective for motor (vs. autonomic) nicotinic receptor.
Phase I: Prolonged depolarization, no antidote. Block is potentiated by anticholinesterases.
Phase II: Repolarized but blocked. Antidote is cholinesterase inhibitors.
Hypercalcemia, hyperkalemia, malignant hyperthermia.

51
Q

Tubocurarine

A

Nondepolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent.
Competitive antagonists at Ach receptors.
Reversal of blockade with neostigmine (must be given with atropine to prevent muscarinic effects such as bradycardia), edrophonium, and other cholinesterase inhibitors

52
Q

Atracurium

A

Nondepolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent.
Competitive antagonists at Ach receptors.
Reversal of blockade with neostigmine (must be given with atropine to prevent muscarinic effects such as bradycardia), edrophonium, and other cholinesterase inhibitors

53
Q

Mivacurium

A

Nondepolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent.
Competitive antagonists at Ach receptors.
Reversal of blockade with neostigmine (must be given with atropine to prevent muscarinic effects such as bradycardia), edrophonium, and other cholinesterase inhibitors

54
Q

Pancuronium

A

Nondepolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent.
Competitive antagonists at Ach receptors.
Reversal of blockade with neostigmine (must be given with atropine to prevent muscarinic effects such as bradycardia), edrophonium, and other cholinesterase inhibitors

55
Q

Vecuronium

A

Nondepolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent.
Competitive antagonists at Ach receptors.
Reversal of blockade with neostigmine (must be given with atropine to prevent muscarinic effects such as bradycardia), edrophonium, and other cholinesterase inhibitors

56
Q

Rocuronium

A

Nondepolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent.
Competitive antagonists at Ach receptors.
Reversal of blockade with neostigmine (must be given with atropine to prevent muscarinic effects such as bradycardia), edrophonium, and other cholinesterase inhibitors

57
Q

Dantrolene

A

Prevents the release of Ca from the sarcoplasmic reticulum of skeletal muscle.
Used to treat malignant hyperthermia and neuroleptic malignant syndrome (toxicity of antipsychotic drugs).

58
Q

Succinylcholine

A

Depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent.
Strong Ach receptor agonist. Produces sustained depolarization and prevents muscle contraction.
Used for muscle paralysis in surgery or mechanical ventilation. Selective for motor (vs. autonomic) nicotinic receptor.
Phase I: Prolonged depolarization, no antidote. Block is potentiated by anticholinesterases.
Phase II: Repolarized but blocked. Antidote is cholinesterase inhibitors.
Hypercalcemia, hyperkalemia, malignant hyperthermia.

59
Q

Tubocurarine

A

Nondepolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent.
Competitive antagonists at Ach receptors.
Reversal of blockade with neostigmine (must be given with atropine to prevent muscarinic effects such as bradycardia), edrophonium, and other cholinesterase inhibitors

60
Q

Atracurium

A

Nondepolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent.
Competitive antagonists at Ach receptors.
Reversal of blockade with neostigmine (must be given with atropine to prevent muscarinic effects such as bradycardia), edrophonium, and other cholinesterase inhibitors

61
Q

Amantadine

A

May increase dopamine release. Antiviral against influenza A and rubella.
Parkinson disease.
Toxicity leads to ataxia.

62
Q

Selegiline

A

Selective type B MAO inhibitor.
Selectively inhibits MAO-B, which preferentially metabolizes dopamine over norepinephrine and 5HT, thereby increasing dopamine availability.
Parkinson disease. Adjunctive agent to L-dopa.
May enhance adverse effects of L-dopa.

63
Q

Vecuronium

A

Nondepolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent.
Competitive antagonists at Ach receptors.
Reversal of blockade with neostigmine (must be given with atropine to prevent muscarinic effects such as bradycardia), edrophonium, and other cholinesterase inhibitors

64
Q

Rocuronium

A

Nondepolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent.
Competitive antagonists at Ach receptors.
Reversal of blockade with neostigmine (must be given with atropine to prevent muscarinic effects such as bradycardia), edrophonium, and other cholinesterase inhibitors

65
Q

Dantrolene

A

Prevents the release of Ca from the sarcoplasmic reticulum of skeletal muscle.
Used to treat malignant hyperthermia and neuroleptic malignant syndrome (toxicity of antipsychotic drugs).

66
Q

Levodopa/carbidopa

A

Increases level of dopamine in brain. Unlike dopamine, L-dopa can cross BBB and is converted by dopa decarboxylase in CNS to dopamine. Carbidopa is a peripheral decarboxylase inhibitor, and is given with L-dopa to increase the bioavailability of L-dopa in the brain and to limit peripheral side effects.
Parkinson disease
Arrhythmias from increased peripheral formation of catecholamines. Long-term use can lead to dyskinesia following administration (“on-off” phenomenon), akinesia between doses.

67
Q

Memantine

A

NMDA receptor antagonist. Helps prevent excitotoxicity (mediated by Ca)
Alzheimer disease
Dizziness, confusion, hallucinations

68
Q

Ropinirole

A

Non-ergot dopamine agonist.

Parkinson disease.

69
Q

Amantadine

A

May increase dopamine release. Antiviral against influenza A and rubella.
Toxicity leads to ataxia.

70
Q

Entacapone

A

COMT inhibitor. Prevents L-dopa degradation, increasing dopamine availability.
Parkinson disease.

71
Q

Tolcapone

A

Prevents L-dopa degradation, increasing dopamine availability.
Parkinson disease.

72
Q

Benztropine

A

Antimuscarinic. Curbs excess Ach.

Improves tremor and rigidity in Parkinson disease. Little effect on bradykinesia.

73
Q

Donepezil

A

AchE inhibitor
Alzheimer disease
Nausea, dizziness, insomnia

74
Q

Galantamine

A

AchE inhibitor
Alzheimer disease
Nausea, dizziness, insomnia

75
Q

Rivastigmine

A

AchE inhibitor
Alzheimer disease
Nausea, dizziness, insomnia

76
Q

Tetrabenazine

A

Inhibits vesicular monoamine transporter (VMAT), limits dopamine vesicle packaging and release
Huntington disease

77
Q

Reserpine

A

Inhibits vesicular monoamine transporter (VMAT), limits dopamine vesicle packaging and release
Huntington disease

78
Q

Haloperidol

A

Dopamine receptor antagonist

Huntington disease

79
Q

Sumatriptan

A 
5HT-1B/1D agonist. Inhibits trigeminal activation; prevents vasoactive peptide release. Induces vasoconstriction. Half life < 2 hours.
Acute migraine, cluster headache attacks
Coronary vasospasm (contraindicated in patients with CAD or Prinzmetal angina), mild tingling.
80
Q

Ethosuximide

A

Antiepileptic
Blocks thalamic T-type calcium channels
Absence seizures
GI distress, fatigue, headache, urticaria, Steven-Johnson syndrome.

81
Q

Phenytoin

A

Antiepileptic
Increases Na channel inactivation. Fosphenytoin for parenteral use.
Simple, complex, tonic-clonic (first line) seizures and status epilepticus (first line prophylaxis)
Zero order kinetics. Nystagmus, diplopia, ataxia, sedation, gingival hyperplasia, hirsutism, peripheral neuropathy, megaloblastic anemia, teratogenesis, SLE-like syndrome, cytochrome P-450 induction, lymphadenopathy, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, osteopenia

82
Q

Carbamazepine

A

Antiepileptic
Increases sodium channel inactivation
First line treatment for simple, complex, and tonic-clonic seizures and first-line treatment for trigeminal neuralgia
Diplopia, ataxia, blood dyscrasias (agranulocytosis, aplastic anemia), liver toxicity, teratogenesis, induction of cytochrome P-450, SIADH, Stevens-Johnson syndrome.

83
Q

Valproic acid (valproate)

A

Antiepileptic
Increases sodium channel inactivation and increases GABA concentration by inhibiting GABA transaminase
Simple, complex, tonic-clonic (first line), myoclonic, and absence seizures. Bipolar disorder.
GI dress, rare but fatal hepatotoxicity (measure LFTs), neural tube defects, tremor, weight gain, contraindicated in pregnancy.

84
Q

Gabapentin

A

Antiepileptic
Primarily inhibits high voltage-activated calcium channels. Designed as a GABA analog.
Simple, complex, and tonic-clonic seizures. Also used for peripheral neuropathy, postherpetic neuralgia, migraine prophylaxis, and bipolar disorder.
Sedation, ataxia.

85
Q

Phenobarbital

A

Antiepileptic
Increases GABA-A action
Simple, complex, and tonic-clonic seizures. First line in neonates.
Sedation, tolerance, dependence, induction of cytochrome P-450, cardiorespiratory depression

86
Q

Topiramate

A

Antiepileptic
Blocks Na channels, increases GABA action
Simple, complex, and tonic-clonic seizures. Also used for migraine prevention.
Sedation, mental dulling, kidney stones, weight loss.

87
Q

Lamotrigine

A

Antiepileptic
Blocks voltage-gated Na channels. Simple, complex, tonic-clonic, and absence seizures.
Stevens-Johnson syndrome. Titrate slowly.

88
Q

Levetiracetam

A

Antiepileptic
Unknown mechanism. Possibly related to modulation of GABA and glutamate release.
Simple, complex, and tonic-clonic seizures.

89
Q

Tiagabine

A

Antiepileptic
Increases GABA by inhibiting reputake
Simple and complex seizures

90
Q

Vigabatrin

A

Antiepileptic
Increases GABA by inhibiting reuptake
Simple and complex seizures

Pharmacology (19 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions