Neurology Flashcards
What is a subgaleal haemorrage?
- when does it occur
- presentation
Scalp bleeding in the potential space between the periosteum and the galeal aponeurosis.
Typically caused by birth trauma from forceps/ vacuum
Not typically present with neurological deficit in adults
What is meningismus?
Symptoms related to meningeal irritation -
nuchal rigidity, headache, and photophobia
Cerebral venous thrombosis
A thrombotic obstruction of the cerebral veins.
Presents with progressive headache, nausea, visual symptoms and CN deficit.
Predisposing factors include prothrombotic states, pregnancy, oral contraceptive use, malignancy, and infection.
Extradural haematoma
Bleeding into the extradural space, biconvex hyperdense lesion.
Initial loss of consciousness followed by a lucid interval.
Artery affected by EDH?
Middle meningeal artery (passing through foramen spinosum)
Subdural haematoma
Crescent-shaped, concave hemorrhage that crosses the suture lines.
Progressive neurological decompensation.
Affects the bridging veins.
Predisposing: old age, ETOH, underlying bleeding disorders
Intracerebral haemorrhage
Bleeding within the brain parenchyma.
Caused by HTN, AVM’s, TBI
Causes severe headache, nausea, a decreased LOC, and focal neurologic deficits.
Lambert Eaton Syndrome
Antibodies against presynaptic voltage-gated calcium channels in the NMJ, inhibit acetylcholine.
Muscle weakness that improves with stimulation and autonomic dysfunction.
Can be paraneoplastic from SCLC.
UMN signs
Muscle weakness
Spasticity
Hyperreflexia
Hypertonia
Clonus
Positive Babinski sign.
Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease
Prion disease
Presents with rapid cognitive decline, gait instability, myoclonus
LMN signs
Flaccid paresis with muscle weakness
Muscle atrophy
Hypotonia
Diminished reflexes
Absent Babinski sign
Fasciculations
Myasthenia gravis
Autoantibodies directed against postsynaptic acetylcholine receptors (AchR).
Muscle weakness with repetitive use.
Tx: Pyridostigmine (acetylcholinesterase inhibitor)
