Neurology Flashcards
What are hypnic headaches and how are the treated
What stage do they occur?
headaches that awaken ppl at night
- Age 50s
- Occur during REM
No aura, lasting for more than 2 weeks
Treatment includes caffeine, lithium, indomethacin
What is augmentation and give an example
Augmentation is when a symptom worsens despite treatment
Example: Carbidopa tx for RLS will cause the sx to occur earlier than usual
Role of Medial Pontomedullary region
Part of the sublateraldorsal nucleus (SLD) which regulate Atonia and REM using GABA
Role of nucleus basalis
Excitatory neurons
Lateral and Posterior Hypothalamus produce what neurotransmitter and what condition is it associated with
Orexin producing neurons
Involved in narcolepy
Features of Rolandic Seizures (Benign Epilepsy of Childhood with FrontoTemporal Spikes)
- age of onset
- where are the seizures seen in the body
- how do they affect sleep
- is it related to daytime seizures?
Average age is 7-9 years old
Focal motor findings usually in the face
Will awaken from sleep and be brief
Normal Development, no daytime seizures
Location of noradrenergic neurons
What do they do?
Ventrolateral Medulla and Locus Coeruleus
Promote wakefulness and inhibit REM
Location of cholinergic neurons
Midbrain
PPT/LateroDorsalTegmental (LDT) nucleus
Location of serotoninergic (5HT) neurons
What do they do?
Raphe Nucleus
Wake on, REM off action
Location of dopaminergic neurons
periaqueductal gray
Location of histaminergic neurons
Tuberomammillary nucleus (TMN)
Location of “sleep switch” and its neurotransmitter
Where is sleep initated and neurotransmitters involved
VLPO
GABA and galanin
Location of “REM switch”
Ventrolateral periaqueductal gray
When is the DLMO
2 hours before habitual bedtime
Primary neurotransmitter of retinohypothalamic pathway and SCN
Glutamate
