Neurology Flashcards
True or False: Sensory neurons have cell bodies that are located outside the CNS in ganglia.
True
Processes that carry action potentials away from the cell body are called:
1) dendrites.
2) axons.
3) myelin sheaths.
4) synapses.
Axons
Muscle tissues and glands function as:
1) motor neurons
2) effectors
3) integrating centers
4) receptors
Effectors
Cells that interconnect neurons and capillaries are:
1) all glial cells
2) astrocytes
3) myelin cells
4) oligodendrocytes
Astrocytes
A sensory neuron carries nerve impulses from sensory receptors to the ________ .
1) interneurons
2) autonomic nervous system
3) central nervous system
4) motor neurons
Central Nervous System
Schwann cells are the main neurons of the spinal cord.
False
The interruptions in myelin sheaths are called:
1) synaptic bulbs
2) axonal retrograde transport sites
3) nodes of Ranvier
4) neurilemma
Nodes of Ranvier
Neurons that belong to the Autonomic Nervous system are motor neurons:
True
Which cells play a crucial role in the PNS in helping neurons repair their axons?
1) microglia
2) astrocytes
3) Schwann cells
4) ependymal cells
Schwann cells
Neurons that send action potentials to stimulate the pectorals major to contract are:
1) somatic motor neurons
2) unipolar neurons
3) sensory neurons
4) autonomic motor neurons
Somatic motor neurons
The reason for why West Nile Virus can can cause encephalitis (inflammation of brain tissue) is because:
1) it can enter the CNS by taking advantage of axoplasmic transport.
2) mosquitoes often bite us on the head so that the virus is directly injected into the brain.
3) it is immune towards microglia.
4) it mimics neurotransmitters in the brain.
It can enter the CNS by taking advantage of axoplasmic transport
True or False: Cerebrospinal fluid is made from blood plasma
True
The cell body of a neuron is also called:
1) Axoplasm
2) Nissl Bodies
3) Soma
4) Ganglion
3) Soma
The involuntary nervous system is the:
1) sensory nervous system.
2) motor nervous system.
3) autonomic nervous system.
4) somatic nervous system.
Autonomic nervous system
Axoplasm is:
1) a synonym for myelin
2) cytoplasm of the dendrite
3) the extracellular fluid that surrounds an axon
4) cytoplasm of the axon
Cytoplasm of the axon
True or False: All cell bodies of sensory neurons collect in a ganglion that is always located inside the CNS
False
Myelin sheaths in the peripheral nervous system are formed by:
1) microglia.
2) oligodendrocytes.
3) astrocytes.
4) Schwann cells.
Schwann cells
You would look for the organelles of Schwann cells:
1) in the axon
2) in the neurilemma
3) inside the axolemma
4) in the nodes of Ranvier
Inside the neurilemma
All cell bodies of motor neurons collect in a ganglion that is always located inside the CNS
False
Skeletal muscles are controlled by the:
1) autonomic nervous system
2) somatic nervous system
3) sympathetic nervous system
4) sensory division
Somatic nervous system
A neuron that sends action potentials to the stomach wall to contract after we eat is:
1) an autonomic motor neuron
2) a sensory neuron
3) a unipolar neuron
4) a bipolar neuron
An autonomic motor neuron
Of the STRUCTURAL neurons, the ___ are the least abundant:
1) bipolar
2) unipolar
3) motor
4) multipolar
5) sensory
Bipolar
Which one of the neuroglial cells is the most abundant in the CNS?
1) microglia
2) oligodendrocytes
3) Schwann cells
4) astrocytes
Astrocytes
The function of oligodendrocytes is to:
1) clean up cellular debris
2) supply blood and nutrients
3) alert the body of an infection
4) create a myelin sheath
Create a myelin sheath
Which neuroglia cells have major phagocytic roles?
1) Schwann cells and satellite cells
2) microglia and Schwann cells
3) ependymal cells and astrocytes
4) astrocytes and satellite cells
Microglia and Schwann cells
True or False: Schwann cells produce layers of membrane containing myelin, which provides nutrition for the dendrites
False
The Nissl bodies are really:
1) Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
2) Lysosomes
3) Golgi Bodies
4) Mitochondria
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
A synonym for Nissl Bodies is:
1) Neurofibrils
2) Golgi Bodies
3) Chromatophilic Bodies
4) Perikaryon
Chromatophilic Bodies
A neuron that informs the CNS about how much one of our skeletal muscles is being stretched is:
1) a multipolar neuron
2) a sensory neuron
3) an autonomic motor neuron
4) a bipolar neuron
A sensory neuron
The number of neurons far outweigh the number of neuroglial cells
False
Schwann cells are a type of:
1) motor neuron
2) sensory neuron
3) neuroglial cell
4) association neuron
Neuroglial cell
Select the feature that is NOT a characteristic of neurons?
1) Longevity
2) Mitotic
3) Excitable
4) High metabolic rate
Mitotic
Which cells line the ventricles in the brain and the central canal of the spinal cord?
1) Schwann cells
2) astrocytes
3) microglia
4) ependymal cells
Ependymal cells
Which cells in the CNS play a crucial role in maintaining the chemical environment of neurons?
1) Schwann cells
2) ependymal cells
3) astrocytes
4) microglia
Astrocytes
Of the FUNCTIONAL neurons, the ___ are the most abundant:
1) association
2) motor
3) multipolar
4) sensory
5) unipolar
Association
True or False: Interneurons are found in the PNS
False
Myelin sheaths:
1) increase the strength of action potentials
2) create action potentials
3) slow down action potentials
4) speed up action potentials
Speed up action potentials
The cell membrane of an axon is also called:
1) axolemma
2) sarcoplasm
3) sarcolemma
4) axoplasm
Axolemma
The reason for why Herpes Virus can enter our nerves is because:
1) it takes advantage of retrograde axoplasmic transport.
2) it can mimic neurotransmitters.
3) it is transmitted via sexual contact only.
4) it takes advantage of anterograde axoplasmic transport.
It takes advantage of retrograde axoplasmic transport
Nervous tissue is made up of:
1) mitochondria and neurons
2) Schwann cells and mitochondria
3) Schwann cells and glial cells
4) neurons and glial cells
Neurons and glial cells
A neuron that informs the CNS about how much the stomach wall is being stretched after we eat is:
1) an autonomic motor neuron
2) a bipolar neuron
3) a multipolar neuron
4) a unipolar neuron
A unipolar neuron
True or False: Sometimes a sensory receptor is not a separate structure, but is really just the dendrites of a sensory neuron
True
True or False: Most motor neurons have cell bodies that are located outside the CNS in ganglia:
False
Neurons that send action potentials to stimulate the heart to contract are:
1) sensory neurons
2) autonomic motor neurons
3) unipolar neurons
4) somatic motor neurons
Autonomic motor neurons
True or False: Afferent neurons have cell bodies that are located outside the CNS in ganglia
True
The nervous system has three major functions. Which one of the following is an INCORRECT match:
1) Planning: Motor output
2) Tasting: Sensory input
3) Thinking: Integration
4) Walking: Motor output
1) Planning: Motor output
Which cells help move the cerebrospinal fluid along in the ventricles of the brain and the central canal of the spinal cord?
1) astrocytes
2) microglia
3) Schwann cells
4) ependymal cells
Ependymal cells
One of these cell types does not belong:
1) ependymal cells
2) Schwann cells
3) astrocytes
4) microglia
Schwann cells
True or False: Dendrites conduct electrical signals away from the cell body.
False
True or False: Axons conduct nerve impulses away from the cell body.
True
Suppose you are looking at a diagram of a unipolar neuron that has an axon wrapped with Schwann cells. You can conclude that the neuron is:
1) a sensory neuron
2) an interneuron
3) an autonomic neuron
4) located in the CNS
A sensory neuron
Bipolar neurons are most common in:
1) tongue and stomach
2) toes and fingers
3) all muscles
4) eye and nose
Eye and nose
The neurons that conduct nerve impulses from receptors to the central nervous system are:
1) sensory neurons.
2) interneurons.
3) efferent neurons.
4) motor neurons.
Sensory neurons
Which cells in the CNS protect neurons and other cells from pathogens?
1) astrocytes
2) microglia
3) ependymal cells
4) oligodendrocytes
Microglia
Of the STRUCTURAL neurons, the ___ are the most abundant:
1) multipolar
2) sensory
3) motor
4) association
5) unipolar
Multipolar
Suppose you are looking at a diagram of a neuron that has an axon wrapped with the branches of an oligodendrocyte. You can conclude that the neuron is:
1) located in the PNS
2) an interneuron
3) an autonomic neuron
4) a unipolar neuron
An interneuron
Which of the following statements about a neuron is INCORRECT?
1) It contains mitochondria.
2) It often has long thin fibers extending from the cell body.
3) It has an excitable surface membrane.
4) It can divide.
It can divide
Axoplasm is:
1) cytoplasm of the axon
2) the extracellular fluid that surrounds an axon
3) cytoplasm of the dendrite
4) a synonym for myelin
Cytoplasm of the axon
Which neuroglia cells have major phagocytic roles?
1) ependymal cells and astrocytes
2) microglia and Schwann cells
3) astrocytes and satellite cells
4) Schwann cells and satellite cells
Microglia and Schwann cells
Muscle tissues and glands function as:
1) effectors
2) receptors
3) motor neurons
4) integrating centers
Effectors
In order to regenerate, a peripheral nerve fiber must have which of the following?
a) All dendrites intact
b) At least half the length of the fiber intact
c) At least the entire axon and neurilemma intact
d) The neurosoma and at least some neurilemma intact
e) At least part of the neurosoma intact
The neurosoma and at least some neurilemma intact
Place the following events of synaptic transmission at an adrenergic synapse in order: A - ATP is converted to cAMP B - The cell’s metabolism is altered C - G protein binds adenylate cylase D - The G protein dissociates E - NE binds the receptor
a) E, D, C, A, B
b) E, D, A, C, B
c) D, E, C, A, B
d) D, E, A, C, B
A) E, D, C, A, B
E. NE binds the receptor D. The G protein dissociates C. G protein binds adenylate cylase A. ATP is converted to cAMP B. The cell’s metabolism is altered
In a neuron, the opening of sodium gates typically leads to __________.
a) repolarization of the plasma membrane
b) hyperpolarization of the plasma membrane
c) depolarization of the plasma membrane
d) drifting of plasma membrane voltage toward a more negative value
e) plasma membrane voltage returning to the resting membrane potential
C) Depolarization of the plasma membrane
Oligodendrocytes serve the same purpose in the CNS that satellite cells do in the PNS.
False
What is the primary site on a neuron for receiving signals from other neurons?
a) The axon terminals
b) The axons
c) The axon collaterals
d) The neurosomas
e) The dendrites
The dendrites
In the brain, neurons are more abundant than neuroglia.
False
While a neuron membrane is depolarizing its __________.
a) chloride gates are partially open
b) chloride gates are fully open
c) potassium gates are fully open
d) sodium gates are partially open
e) sodium gates are fully open
Sodium gates are fully open
The respiratory center gathers information from a variety of sources in order to set the rate and depth of breathing. This is an example of what type of neural circuit?
a) Convergent
b) Divergent
c) Reverberating
d) Parallel after-discharge
Convergent
The __________ division tends to prepare the body for action.
a) sensory afferent
b) motor afferent
c) somatic motor
d) parasympathetic
e) sympathetic
Sympathetic
Conduction of a nerve impulse would be the fastest in which of the following?
a) A large diameter myelinated fiber
b) A small diameter myelinated fiber
c) A large unmyelinated fiber
d) A small unmyelinated fiber
e) A small fiber with multiple Schwann cells
A large diameter of myelinated fiber
What is another name for the autonomic nervous system?
a) Visceral sensory division
b) Somatic sensory division
c) Visceral motor division
d) Somatic motor division
e) Central nervous system
Visceral motor division
The opening of __________ gates produces an __________.
a) chloride; IPSP
b) sodium; IPSP
c) calcium; IPSP
d) potassium; EPSP
e) Calcium and sodium; IPSP
Chloride; IPSP
An inhibitory local potential causes which of the following?
a) Depolarization of the plasma membrane
b) Hyperpolarization of the plasma membrane
c) Repolarization of the plasma membrane
d) Neutralization of the plasma membrane
e) Drifting of the membrane potential towards the resting membrane potential
Hyperpolariztion of the plasma membrane
How does a neuron transport enzymes produced in the neurosoma to its axon terminals?
a) Along microtubules
b) By diffusion
c) Via cytoplasmic streaming
d) Through co-transport
Along microtubules
Which of these does not contribute to the cessation of the signal in a synaptic transmission?
a) Synaptic vesicles secrete neurotransmitter by exocytosis.
b) Neurotransmitter escapes from the synapse into the nearby extracellular fluid.
c) Neurotransmitters are no longer released.
d) The axon terminal reabsorbs some neurotransmitters by endocytosis.
e) Enzymes in the postsynaptic cell break down some neurotransmitters.
Synaptic vesicles secrete neurotransmitter by exocytosis
Which of these is an example of an EPSP in a typical neuron?
a) A voltage change from 0 mV to +0.35 mV
b) A voltage change from -70 mV to -69.5 mV
c) A voltage change from -69.5 mV to -70 mV
d) A voltage change from +35 mV to 0 mV
e) A voltage change from -70 mV to -70.5 mV
b) A voltage change from -70 mV to -69.5 mV
Inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs) are associated with which of the following?
a) Depolarization of the cell membrane
b) Repolarization of the cell membrane
c) Hyperpolarization of the cell membrane
d) No change in the cell membrane potential
e) No change of the threshold
Hyperpolarization of the cell membrane
Which glial cell is found wrapped around nerve fibers in the PNS?
a) Oligodendrocytes
b) Schwann cells
c) Satellite cells
d) Nodes of Ranvier
e) Ependymal cells
Schwann Cells
Most neurons have multiple dendrites.
True
Place the following events in synaptic transmission at a cholinergic synapse in order: A - A postsynaptic potential is produced; B - Voltage gated calcium channels open and calcium enters the cell; C - ACh is released and diffuses across the axon terminal; D - A nerve signal arrives at an axon terminal; E - Ligand gated sodium channels open and sodium enters the cell.
a) D, B, C, E, A
b) D, B, E, A, C
c) B, C, D, E, A
d) B, D, C, A, E
A) D, B, C, E, A
The term “nerve fiber” refers to a(n) __________.
a) nerve cell
b) organelle in nerve cells
c) organ
d) axon
e) bundle of macromolecules in nerve cells
Axon
An action potential never occurs in dendrites.
True
Local potentials are __________, meaning they vary in magnitude according to the strength of the stimulus.
Question 3 options:
a) stabile
b) graded
c) self propagating
d) excitatory
e) inhibitory
Graded
A myelin sheath is composed primarily of __________.
a) lipids
b) carbohydrates
c) glycoproteins
d) proteins
e) polysaccharides
Lipids
Where do most local potentials form in a neuron?
a) The dendrites
b) The neurosomas
c) The axon hillock
d) The trigger zone
e) The Schwann cells
The dendrites
Local potentials are __________, whereas action potentials are __________.
a) irreversible; reversible
b) self-propagating; local
c) graded; all or none
d) nondecremental; decremental
e) produced by voltage-regulated channels; produced by gated channels
c) graded; all or none
A neuron receives a stimulus. Which of the following events happens next?
a) A local potential develops
b) Threshold is reached
c) Hyperpolarization of the membrane
d) Repolarization of the membrane
e) A resting membrane potential is established
a) A local potential develops
About 90% of the neurons in the nervous system are __________ neurons.
a) sensory
b) motor
c) afferent
d) efferent
e) inter-
Inter-
In which part of a neuron is the postsynaptic membrane usually found?
a) Axon terminal
b) Axon
c) Dendrite
d) Perikaryon
e) Axon collateral
Dendrite
Some __________ neurons are specialized to detect stimuli, whereas __________ neurons send signals to the effectors of the nervous system.
a) efferent; afferent
b) afferent; efferent
c) motor; sensory
d) efferent; inter-
e) afferent; inter-
Afferent; efferent
Unipolar neurons have only a single process leading away from the neurosoma.
True
Which of the following are effectors?
a) Receptors
b) Stimuli
c) Reflexes
d) Glands
e) Sense organs
Glands
While both systems maintain homeostasis, how does the nervous system differ from the endocrine system?
a) The nervous system releases neurotransmitters between cells, while the endocrine system releases hormones into the blood.
b) The nervous system releases neurotransmitters into the blood, while the endocrine system releases hormones between cells.
c) The nervous system releases hormones between cells, while the endocrine system releases neurotransmitters into the blood.
d) The nervous system releases hormones into the blood, while the endocrine system releases neurotransmitters between cells.
a) The nervous system releases neurotransmitters between cells, while the endocrine system releases hormones into the blood.
Neurons move material away from the neurosoma by retrograde transport.
False
Where does saltatory conduction occur?
a) From node to node in myelinated fibers
b) From node to node in unmyelinated fibers
c) Down the entire length of a myelinated fiber
d) Down the entire length of an unmyelinated fiber
a) From node to node in myelinated fibers
When the voltage of a plasma membrane shifts from +35 mV towards 0 mV, the cell is __________.
a) depolarizing
b) repolarizing
c) hyperpolarizing
d) reaching the threshold
e) exiting the threshold
B) repolarizing
Which of these happens first in an cholinergic synaptic transmission?
a) Acetylcholine diffuses across the synaptic cleft
b) A postsynaptic potential is produced
c) Sodium enters the postsynaptic cell
d) The synaptic vesicles release acetylcholine
e) Acetylcholine binds to ligand-regulated gates
The synaptic vesicles release acetylcholine
Which of the following is true regarding unmyelinated nerve fibers in the PNS?
a) A Schwann cell folds its plasma membrane around several fibers.
b) A Schwann cells wraps its plasma membrane around each individual fiber as it does with myelinated fibers.
c) An oligodendrocyte cells wraps its plasma membrane around each fiber as it does with myelinated fibers.
d) Satellite cells cluster around each axon to form a pseudo-myelin sheath.
a) A Schwann cell folds its plasma membrane around several fibers.
Any two EPSPs will override one IPSP.
False
Which of the following ions has the greatest influence on the resting membrane potential?
a) Sodium
b) Chloride
c) Calcium
d) Phosphate
e) Potassium
Potassium
Nerves are __________ of the nervous system.
a) organs
b) tissues
c) organ systems
d) organelles
e) cells
Organs
All of the following are typical characteristics of neurotransmitters except __________.
a) they are synthesized by a presynaptic neuron
b) they are released in response to stimulation
c) they are released into the bloodstream before reaching the postsynaptic cell
d) they bind to specific receptors on the postsynaptic cell
e) they alter the physiology of the postsynaptic cell
c) they are released into the bloodstream before reaching the postsynaptic cell
What is the most common type of neuron?
a) Multipolar
b) Bipolar
c) Unipolar
d) Anaxonic
e) Dendritic
Multipolar
The nervous system employs exclusively electrical means to send messages, whereas the endocrine system communicates by means of chemical messengers.
False
Most metabolic and regulatory functions in a neuron happen where?
a) The axon
b) The neurosoma
c) The dendrites
d) The axon hillock
e) The Schwann cell
The neurosoma
In a myelinated fiber, only the initial segment in the trigger zone has voltage-regulated channels.
False
Which cells form myelin in the spinal cord?
a) Schwann cells
b) Astrocytes
c) Satellite cells
d) Oligodendrocytes
e) Microglia
Oligodendrocytes
What property of neurons allows them to respond to changes in the environment?
a) Excitablity
b) Conductivity
c) Secretion
d) Permeability
Excitability
Where are unmyelinated nerve fibers surrounded by Schwann cells?
a) In the PNS
b) In the CNS
c) In the PNS and CNS
d) Nowhere. Unmyelinated nerve fibers are never surrounded by Schwann cells.
In the PNS
During the absolute refractory period which of the following is true?
a) If a neuron reaches threshold, the action potential goes to completion.
b) The neuron fires at its maximum voltage if a stimulus depolarizes the neuron to threshold.
c) The signal grows weaker with distance.
d) It is possible to trigger a new action potential, but only with an unusually strong stimulus.
e) No stimulus of any strength will trigger a new action potential.
e) No stimulus of any strength will trigger a new action potential.
A neuron can receive thousands of EPSPs from different neurons, and responds by triggering or not triggering an action potential. This addition and response to the net effect of postsynaptic potentials is called __________.
a) temporal summation
b) neural summation
c) spatial summation
d) neuronal coding
e) recruitment
Spatial summation
Which body system(s) is(are) dedicated to maintaining stable internal conditions by detecting and responding to stimuli?
a) Nervous and endocrine
b) Nervous
c) Endocrine
d) Nervous, endocrine, and integumentary
Nervous and endocrine
Ependymal cells line the inner cavities of the CNS.
True
When a neuron is stimulated, Na+ gates open and allow Na+ to exit the cell.
False
Which of the following will cause the plasma membrane to hyperpolarize when at its RMP?
a) An inflow of sodium
b) An inflow of potassium
c) An inflow of calcium
d) An inflow of chloride
e) An outflow of chloride
An inflow of chloride
The __________ division carries signals to the smooth muscle in the large intestine.
a) visceral sensory
b) somatic sensory
c) visceral motor
d) somatic motor
e) afferent
Visceral motor
If the potassium leak channels were suddenly blocked in a resting neuron, what would happen to its resting membrane potential?
a) It would become more positive.
b) It would become more negative.
c) The RMP would be unaffected.
d) It would hyperpolarize.
It would become more positive
What occurs during hyperpolarization of a neuron membrane?
a) Sodium ions are entering the cells
b) Sodium ions are leaving the cell
c) Potassium ions are entering the cell
d) Potassium ions are leaving the cell
e) Both sodium and potassium ions are leaving the cell
d) Potassium ions are leaving the cell
In an action potential, which event directly follows repolarization?
a) Threshold is reached
b) Hyperpolarization of the membrane
c) Depolarization of the membrane
d) Hypopolarization of the membrane
e) The resting membrane potential is reinstated
Hyperpolarization of the membrane
While both systems maintain homeostasis, how does the nervous system differ from the endocrine system?
a) The nervous system releases neurotransmitters between cells, while the endocrine system releases hormones into the blood.
b) The nervous system releases neurotransmitters into the blood, while the endocrine system releases hormones between cells.
c) The nervous system releases hormones between cells, while the endocrine system releases neurotransmitters into the blood.
d) The nervous system releases hormones into the blood, while the endocrine system releases neurotransmitters between cells.
a) The nervous system releases neurotransmitters between cells, while the endocrine system releases hormones into the blood.
