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A & P > Neurology > Flashcards

Neurology Flashcards

1
Q

True or False: Sensory neurons have cell bodies that are located outside the CNS in ganglia.

A

True

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2
Q

Processes that carry action potentials away from the cell body are called:

1) dendrites.
2) axons.
3) myelin sheaths.
4) synapses.

A

Axons

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3
Q

Muscle tissues and glands function as:

1) motor neurons
2) effectors
3) integrating centers
4) receptors

A

Effectors

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4
Q

Cells that interconnect neurons and capillaries are:

1) all glial cells
2) astrocytes
3) myelin cells
4) oligodendrocytes

A

Astrocytes

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5
Q

A sensory neuron carries nerve impulses from sensory receptors to the ________ .

1) interneurons
2) autonomic nervous system
3) central nervous system
4) motor neurons

A

Central Nervous System

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6
Q

Schwann cells are the main neurons of the spinal cord.

A

False

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7
Q

The interruptions in myelin sheaths are called:

1) synaptic bulbs
2) axonal retrograde transport sites
3) nodes of Ranvier
4) neurilemma

A

Nodes of Ranvier

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8
Q

Neurons that belong to the Autonomic Nervous system are motor neurons:

A

True

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9
Q

Which cells play a crucial role in the PNS in helping neurons repair their axons?

1) microglia
2) astrocytes
3) Schwann cells
4) ependymal cells

A

Schwann cells

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10
Q

Neurons that send action potentials to stimulate the pectorals major to contract are:

1) somatic motor neurons
2) unipolar neurons
3) sensory neurons
4) autonomic motor neurons

A

Somatic motor neurons

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11
Q

The reason for why West Nile Virus can can cause encephalitis (inflammation of brain tissue) is because:

1) it can enter the CNS by taking advantage of axoplasmic transport.
2) mosquitoes often bite us on the head so that the virus is directly injected into the brain.
3) it is immune towards microglia.
4) it mimics neurotransmitters in the brain.

A

It can enter the CNS by taking advantage of axoplasmic transport

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12
Q

True or False: Cerebrospinal fluid is made from blood plasma

A

True

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13
Q

The cell body of a neuron is also called:

1) Axoplasm
2) Nissl Bodies
3) Soma
4) Ganglion

A

3) Soma

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14
Q

The involuntary nervous system is the:

1) sensory nervous system.
2) motor nervous system.
3) autonomic nervous system.
4) somatic nervous system.

A

Autonomic nervous system

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15
Q

Axoplasm is:

1) a synonym for myelin
2) cytoplasm of the dendrite
3) the extracellular fluid that surrounds an axon
4) cytoplasm of the axon

A

Cytoplasm of the axon

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16
Q

True or False: All cell bodies of sensory neurons collect in a ganglion that is always located inside the CNS

A

False

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17
Q

Myelin sheaths in the peripheral nervous system are formed by:

1) microglia.
2) oligodendrocytes.
3) astrocytes.
4) Schwann cells.

A

Schwann cells

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18
Q

You would look for the organelles of Schwann cells:

1) in the axon
2) in the neurilemma
3) inside the axolemma
4) in the nodes of Ranvier

A

Inside the neurilemma

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19
Q

All cell bodies of motor neurons collect in a ganglion that is always located inside the CNS

A

False

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20
Q

Skeletal muscles are controlled by the:

1) autonomic nervous system
2) somatic nervous system
3) sympathetic nervous system
4) sensory division

A

Somatic nervous system

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21
Q

A neuron that sends action potentials to the stomach wall to contract after we eat is:

1) an autonomic motor neuron
2) a sensory neuron
3) a unipolar neuron
4) a bipolar neuron

A

An autonomic motor neuron

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22
Q

Of the STRUCTURAL neurons, the ___ are the least abundant:

1) bipolar
2) unipolar
3) motor
4) multipolar
5) sensory

A

Bipolar

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23
Q

Which one of the neuroglial cells is the most abundant in the CNS?

1) microglia
2) oligodendrocytes
3) Schwann cells
4) astrocytes

A

Astrocytes

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24
Q

The function of oligodendrocytes is to:

1) clean up cellular debris
2) supply blood and nutrients
3) alert the body of an infection
4) create a myelin sheath

A

Create a myelin sheath

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25
Q

Which neuroglia cells have major phagocytic roles?

1) Schwann cells and satellite cells
2) microglia and Schwann cells
3) ependymal cells and astrocytes
4) astrocytes and satellite cells

A

Microglia and Schwann cells

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26
Q

True or False: Schwann cells produce layers of membrane containing myelin, which provides nutrition for the dendrites

A

False

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27
Q

The Nissl bodies are really:

1) Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
2) Lysosomes
3) Golgi Bodies
4) Mitochondria

A

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

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28
Q

A synonym for Nissl Bodies is:

1) Neurofibrils
2) Golgi Bodies
3) Chromatophilic Bodies
4) Perikaryon

A

Chromatophilic Bodies

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29
Q

A neuron that informs the CNS about how much one of our skeletal muscles is being stretched is:

1) a multipolar neuron
2) a sensory neuron
3) an autonomic motor neuron
4) a bipolar neuron

A

A sensory neuron

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30
Q

The number of neurons far outweigh the number of neuroglial cells

A

False

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31
Q

Schwann cells are a type of:

1) motor neuron
2) sensory neuron
3) neuroglial cell
4) association neuron

A

Neuroglial cell

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32
Q

Select the feature that is NOT a characteristic of neurons?

1) Longevity
2) Mitotic
3) Excitable
4) High metabolic rate

A

Mitotic

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33
Q

Which cells line the ventricles in the brain and the central canal of the spinal cord?

1) Schwann cells
2) astrocytes
3) microglia
4) ependymal cells

A

Ependymal cells

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34
Q

Which cells in the CNS play a crucial role in maintaining the chemical environment of neurons?

1) Schwann cells
2) ependymal cells
3) astrocytes
4) microglia

A

Astrocytes

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35
Q

Of the FUNCTIONAL neurons, the ___ are the most abundant:

1) association
2) motor
3) multipolar
4) sensory
5) unipolar

A

Association

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36
Q

True or False: Interneurons are found in the PNS

A

False

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37
Q

Myelin sheaths:

1) increase the strength of action potentials
2) create action potentials
3) slow down action potentials
4) speed up action potentials

A

Speed up action potentials

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38
Q

The cell membrane of an axon is also called:

1) axolemma
2) sarcoplasm
3) sarcolemma
4) axoplasm

A

Axolemma

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39
Q

The reason for why Herpes Virus can enter our nerves is because:

1) it takes advantage of retrograde axoplasmic transport.
2) it can mimic neurotransmitters.
3) it is transmitted via sexual contact only.
4) it takes advantage of anterograde axoplasmic transport.

A

It takes advantage of retrograde axoplasmic transport

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40
Q

Nervous tissue is made up of:

1) mitochondria and neurons
2) Schwann cells and mitochondria
3) Schwann cells and glial cells
4) neurons and glial cells

A

Neurons and glial cells

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41
Q

A neuron that informs the CNS about how much the stomach wall is being stretched after we eat is:

1) an autonomic motor neuron
2) a bipolar neuron
3) a multipolar neuron
4) a unipolar neuron

A

A unipolar neuron

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42
Q

True or False: Sometimes a sensory receptor is not a separate structure, but is really just the dendrites of a sensory neuron

A

True

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43
Q

True or False: Most motor neurons have cell bodies that are located outside the CNS in ganglia:

A

False

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44
Q

Neurons that send action potentials to stimulate the heart to contract are:

1) sensory neurons
2) autonomic motor neurons
3) unipolar neurons
4) somatic motor neurons

A

Autonomic motor neurons

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45
Q

True or False: Afferent neurons have cell bodies that are located outside the CNS in ganglia

A

True

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46
Q

The nervous system has three major functions. Which one of the following is an INCORRECT match:

1) Planning: Motor output
2) Tasting: Sensory input
3) Thinking: Integration
4) Walking: Motor output

A

1) Planning: Motor output

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47
Q

Which cells help move the cerebrospinal fluid along in the ventricles of the brain and the central canal of the spinal cord?

1) astrocytes
2) microglia
3) Schwann cells
4) ependymal cells

A

Ependymal cells

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48
Q

One of these cell types does not belong:

1) ependymal cells
2) Schwann cells
3) astrocytes
4) microglia

A

Schwann cells

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49
Q

True or False: Dendrites conduct electrical signals away from the cell body.

A

False

50
Q

True or False: Axons conduct nerve impulses away from the cell body.

A

True

51
Q

Suppose you are looking at a diagram of a unipolar neuron that has an axon wrapped with Schwann cells. You can conclude that the neuron is:

1) a sensory neuron
2) an interneuron
3) an autonomic neuron
4) located in the CNS

A

A sensory neuron

52
Q

Bipolar neurons are most common in:

1) tongue and stomach
2) toes and fingers
3) all muscles
4) eye and nose

A

Eye and nose

53
Q

The neurons that conduct nerve impulses from receptors to the central nervous system are:

1) sensory neurons.
2) interneurons.
3) efferent neurons.
4) motor neurons.

A

Sensory neurons

54
Q

Which cells in the CNS protect neurons and other cells from pathogens?

1) astrocytes
2) microglia
3) ependymal cells
4) oligodendrocytes

A

Microglia

55
Q

Of the STRUCTURAL neurons, the ___ are the most abundant:

1) multipolar
2) sensory
3) motor
4) association
5) unipolar

A

Multipolar

56
Q

Suppose you are looking at a diagram of a neuron that has an axon wrapped with the branches of an oligodendrocyte. You can conclude that the neuron is:

1) located in the PNS
2) an interneuron
3) an autonomic neuron
4) a unipolar neuron

A

An interneuron

57
Q

Which of the following statements about a neuron is INCORRECT?

1) It contains mitochondria.
2) It often has long thin fibers extending from the cell body.
3) It has an excitable surface membrane.
4) It can divide.

A

It can divide

58
Q

Axoplasm is:

1) cytoplasm of the axon
2) the extracellular fluid that surrounds an axon
3) cytoplasm of the dendrite
4) a synonym for myelin

A

Cytoplasm of the axon

59
Q

Which neuroglia cells have major phagocytic roles?

1) ependymal cells and astrocytes
2) microglia and Schwann cells
3) astrocytes and satellite cells
4) Schwann cells and satellite cells

A

Microglia and Schwann cells

60
Q

Muscle tissues and glands function as:

1) effectors
2) receptors
3) motor neurons
4) integrating centers

A

Effectors

61
Q

In order to regenerate, a peripheral nerve fiber must have which of the following?

a) All dendrites intact
b) At least half the length of the fiber intact
c) At least the entire axon and neurilemma intact
d) The neurosoma and at least some neurilemma intact
e) At least part of the neurosoma intact

A

The neurosoma and at least some neurilemma intact

62
Q

Place the following events of synaptic transmission at an adrenergic synapse in order: A - ATP is converted to cAMP B - The cell’s metabolism is altered C - G protein binds adenylate cylase D - The G protein dissociates E - NE binds the receptor

a) E, D, C, A, B
b) E, D, A, C, B
c) D, E, C, A, B
d) D, E, A, C, B

A

A) E, D, C, A, B

E. NE binds the receptor 
D. The G protein dissociates
C. G protein binds adenylate cylase
A. ATP is converted to cAMP
B. The cell’s metabolism is altered
63
Q

In a neuron, the opening of sodium gates typically leads to __________.

a) repolarization of the plasma membrane
b) hyperpolarization of the plasma membrane
c) depolarization of the plasma membrane
d) drifting of plasma membrane voltage toward a more negative value
e) plasma membrane voltage returning to the resting membrane potential

A

C) Depolarization of the plasma membrane

64
Q

Oligodendrocytes serve the same purpose in the CNS that satellite cells do in the PNS.

A

False

65
Q

What is the primary site on a neuron for receiving signals from other neurons?

a) The axon terminals
b) The axons
c) The axon collaterals
d) The neurosomas
e) The dendrites

A

The dendrites

66
Q

In the brain, neurons are more abundant than neuroglia.

A

False

67
Q

While a neuron membrane is depolarizing its __________.

a) chloride gates are partially open
b) chloride gates are fully open
c) potassium gates are fully open
d) sodium gates are partially open
e) sodium gates are fully open

A

Sodium gates are fully open

68
Q

The respiratory center gathers information from a variety of sources in order to set the rate and depth of breathing. This is an example of what type of neural circuit?

a) Convergent
b) Divergent
c) Reverberating
d) Parallel after-discharge

A

Convergent

69
Q

The __________ division tends to prepare the body for action.

a) sensory afferent
b) motor afferent
c) somatic motor
d) parasympathetic
e) sympathetic

A

Sympathetic

70
Q

Conduction of a nerve impulse would be the fastest in which of the following?

a) A large diameter myelinated fiber
b) A small diameter myelinated fiber
c) A large unmyelinated fiber
d) A small unmyelinated fiber
e) A small fiber with multiple Schwann cells

A

A large diameter of myelinated fiber

71
Q

What is another name for the autonomic nervous system?

a) Visceral sensory division
b) Somatic sensory division
c) Visceral motor division
d) Somatic motor division
e) Central nervous system

A

Visceral motor division

72
Q

The opening of __________ gates produces an __________.

a) chloride; IPSP
b) sodium; IPSP
c) calcium; IPSP
d) potassium; EPSP
e) Calcium and sodium; IPSP

A

Chloride; IPSP

73
Q

An inhibitory local potential causes which of the following?

a) Depolarization of the plasma membrane
b) Hyperpolarization of the plasma membrane
c) Repolarization of the plasma membrane
d) Neutralization of the plasma membrane
e) Drifting of the membrane potential towards the resting membrane potential

A

Hyperpolariztion of the plasma membrane

74
Q

How does a neuron transport enzymes produced in the neurosoma to its axon terminals?

a) Along microtubules
b) By diffusion
c) Via cytoplasmic streaming
d) Through co-transport

A

Along microtubules

75
Q

Which of these does not contribute to the cessation of the signal in a synaptic transmission?

a) Synaptic vesicles secrete neurotransmitter by exocytosis.
b) Neurotransmitter escapes from the synapse into the nearby extracellular fluid.
c) Neurotransmitters are no longer released.
d) The axon terminal reabsorbs some neurotransmitters by endocytosis.
e) Enzymes in the postsynaptic cell break down some neurotransmitters.

A

Synaptic vesicles secrete neurotransmitter by exocytosis

76
Q

Which of these is an example of an EPSP in a typical neuron?

a) A voltage change from 0 mV to +0.35 mV
b) A voltage change from -70 mV to -69.5 mV
c) A voltage change from -69.5 mV to -70 mV
d) A voltage change from +35 mV to 0 mV
e) A voltage change from -70 mV to -70.5 mV

A

b) A voltage change from -70 mV to -69.5 mV

77
Q

Inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs) are associated with which of the following?

a) Depolarization of the cell membrane
b) Repolarization of the cell membrane
c) Hyperpolarization of the cell membrane
d) No change in the cell membrane potential
e) No change of the threshold

A

Hyperpolarization of the cell membrane

78
Q

Which glial cell is found wrapped around nerve fibers in the PNS?

a) Oligodendrocytes
b) Schwann cells
c) Satellite cells
d) Nodes of Ranvier
e) Ependymal cells

A

Schwann Cells

79
Q

Most neurons have multiple dendrites.

A

True

80
Q

Place the following events in synaptic transmission at a cholinergic synapse in order: A - A postsynaptic potential is produced; B - Voltage gated calcium channels open and calcium enters the cell; C - ACh is released and diffuses across the axon terminal; D - A nerve signal arrives at an axon terminal; E - Ligand gated sodium channels open and sodium enters the cell.

a) D, B, C, E, A
b) D, B, E, A, C
c) B, C, D, E, A
d) B, D, C, A, E

A

A) D, B, C, E, A

81
Q

The term “nerve fiber” refers to a(n) __________.

a) nerve cell
b) organelle in nerve cells
c) organ
d) axon
e) bundle of macromolecules in nerve cells

A

Axon

82
Q

An action potential never occurs in dendrites.

A

True

83
Q

Local potentials are __________, meaning they vary in magnitude according to the strength of the stimulus.

Question 3 options:

a) stabile
b) graded
c) self propagating
d) excitatory
e) inhibitory

A

Graded

84
Q

A myelin sheath is composed primarily of __________.

a) lipids
b) carbohydrates
c) glycoproteins
d) proteins
e) polysaccharides

A

Lipids

85
Q

Where do most local potentials form in a neuron?

a) The dendrites
b) The neurosomas
c) The axon hillock
d) The trigger zone
e) The Schwann cells

A

The dendrites

86
Q

Local potentials are __________, whereas action potentials are __________.

a) irreversible; reversible
b) self-propagating; local
c) graded; all or none
d) nondecremental; decremental
e) produced by voltage-regulated channels; produced by gated channels

A

c) graded; all or none

87
Q

A neuron receives a stimulus. Which of the following events happens next?

a) A local potential develops
b) Threshold is reached
c) Hyperpolarization of the membrane
d) Repolarization of the membrane
e) A resting membrane potential is established

A

a) A local potential develops

88
Q

About 90% of the neurons in the nervous system are __________ neurons.

a) sensory
b) motor
c) afferent
d) efferent
e) inter-

A

Inter-

89
Q

In which part of a neuron is the postsynaptic membrane usually found?

a) Axon terminal
b) Axon
c) Dendrite
d) Perikaryon
e) Axon collateral

A

Dendrite

90
Q

Some __________ neurons are specialized to detect stimuli, whereas __________ neurons send signals to the effectors of the nervous system.

a) efferent; afferent
b) afferent; efferent
c) motor; sensory
d) efferent; inter-
e) afferent; inter-

A

Afferent; efferent

91
Q

Unipolar neurons have only a single process leading away from the neurosoma.

A

True

92
Q

Which of the following are effectors?

a) Receptors
b) Stimuli
c) Reflexes
d) Glands
e) Sense organs

A

Glands

93
Q

While both systems maintain homeostasis, how does the nervous system differ from the endocrine system?

a) The nervous system releases neurotransmitters between cells, while the endocrine system releases hormones into the blood.
b) The nervous system releases neurotransmitters into the blood, while the endocrine system releases hormones between cells.
c) The nervous system releases hormones between cells, while the endocrine system releases neurotransmitters into the blood.
d) The nervous system releases hormones into the blood, while the endocrine system releases neurotransmitters between cells.

A

a) The nervous system releases neurotransmitters between cells, while the endocrine system releases hormones into the blood.

94
Q

Neurons move material away from the neurosoma by retrograde transport.

A

False

95
Q

Where does saltatory conduction occur?

a) From node to node in myelinated fibers
b) From node to node in unmyelinated fibers
c) Down the entire length of a myelinated fiber
d) Down the entire length of an unmyelinated fiber

A

a) From node to node in myelinated fibers

96
Q

When the voltage of a plasma membrane shifts from +35 mV towards 0 mV, the cell is __________.

a) depolarizing
b) repolarizing
c) hyperpolarizing
d) reaching the threshold
e) exiting the threshold

A

B) repolarizing

97
Q

Which of these happens first in an cholinergic synaptic transmission?

a) Acetylcholine diffuses across the synaptic cleft
b) A postsynaptic potential is produced
c) Sodium enters the postsynaptic cell
d) The synaptic vesicles release acetylcholine
e) Acetylcholine binds to ligand-regulated gates

A

The synaptic vesicles release acetylcholine

98
Q

Which of the following is true regarding unmyelinated nerve fibers in the PNS?

a) A Schwann cell folds its plasma membrane around several fibers.
b) A Schwann cells wraps its plasma membrane around each individual fiber as it does with myelinated fibers.
c) An oligodendrocyte cells wraps its plasma membrane around each fiber as it does with myelinated fibers.
d) Satellite cells cluster around each axon to form a pseudo-myelin sheath.

A

a) A Schwann cell folds its plasma membrane around several fibers.

99
Q

Any two EPSPs will override one IPSP.

A

False

100
Q

Which of the following ions has the greatest influence on the resting membrane potential?

a) Sodium
b) Chloride
c) Calcium
d) Phosphate
e) Potassium

A

Potassium

101
Q

Nerves are __________ of the nervous system.

a) organs
b) tissues
c) organ systems
d) organelles
e) cells

A

Organs

102
Q

All of the following are typical characteristics of neurotransmitters except __________.

a) they are synthesized by a presynaptic neuron
b) they are released in response to stimulation
c) they are released into the bloodstream before reaching the postsynaptic cell
d) they bind to specific receptors on the postsynaptic cell
e) they alter the physiology of the postsynaptic cell

A

c) they are released into the bloodstream before reaching the postsynaptic cell

103
Q

What is the most common type of neuron?

a) Multipolar
b) Bipolar
c) Unipolar
d) Anaxonic
e) Dendritic

A

Multipolar

104
Q

The nervous system employs exclusively electrical means to send messages, whereas the endocrine system communicates by means of chemical messengers.

A

False

105
Q

Most metabolic and regulatory functions in a neuron happen where?

a) The axon
b) The neurosoma
c) The dendrites
d) The axon hillock
e) The Schwann cell

A

The neurosoma

106
Q

In a myelinated fiber, only the initial segment in the trigger zone has voltage-regulated channels.

A

False

107
Q

Which cells form myelin in the spinal cord?

a) Schwann cells
b) Astrocytes
c) Satellite cells
d) Oligodendrocytes
e) Microglia

A

Oligodendrocytes

108
Q

What property of neurons allows them to respond to changes in the environment?

a) Excitablity
b) Conductivity
c) Secretion
d) Permeability

A

Excitability

109
Q

Where are unmyelinated nerve fibers surrounded by Schwann cells?

a) In the PNS
b) In the CNS
c) In the PNS and CNS
d) Nowhere. Unmyelinated nerve fibers are never surrounded by Schwann cells.

A

In the PNS

110
Q

During the absolute refractory period which of the following is true?

a) If a neuron reaches threshold, the action potential goes to completion.
b) The neuron fires at its maximum voltage if a stimulus depolarizes the neuron to threshold.
c) The signal grows weaker with distance.
d) It is possible to trigger a new action potential, but only with an unusually strong stimulus.
e) No stimulus of any strength will trigger a new action potential.

A

e) No stimulus of any strength will trigger a new action potential.

111
Q

A neuron can receive thousands of EPSPs from different neurons, and responds by triggering or not triggering an action potential. This addition and response to the net effect of postsynaptic potentials is called __________.

a) temporal summation
b) neural summation
c) spatial summation
d) neuronal coding
e) recruitment

A

Spatial summation

112
Q

Which body system(s) is(are) dedicated to maintaining stable internal conditions by detecting and responding to stimuli?

a) Nervous and endocrine
b) Nervous
c) Endocrine
d) Nervous, endocrine, and integumentary

A

Nervous and endocrine

113
Q

Ependymal cells line the inner cavities of the CNS.

A

True

114
Q

When a neuron is stimulated, Na+ gates open and allow Na+ to exit the cell.

A

False

115
Q

Which of the following will cause the plasma membrane to hyperpolarize when at its RMP?

a) An inflow of sodium
b) An inflow of potassium
c) An inflow of calcium
d) An inflow of chloride
e) An outflow of chloride

A

An inflow of chloride

116
Q

The __________ division carries signals to the smooth muscle in the large intestine.

a) visceral sensory
b) somatic sensory
c) visceral motor
d) somatic motor
e) afferent

A

Visceral motor

117
Q

If the potassium leak channels were suddenly blocked in a resting neuron, what would happen to its resting membrane potential?

a) It would become more positive.
b) It would become more negative.
c) The RMP would be unaffected.
d) It would hyperpolarize.

A

It would become more positive

118
Q

What occurs during hyperpolarization of a neuron membrane?

a) Sodium ions are entering the cells
b) Sodium ions are leaving the cell
c) Potassium ions are entering the cell
d) Potassium ions are leaving the cell
e) Both sodium and potassium ions are leaving the cell

A

d) Potassium ions are leaving the cell

119
Q

In an action potential, which event directly follows repolarization?

a) Threshold is reached
b) Hyperpolarization of the membrane
c) Depolarization of the membrane
d) Hypopolarization of the membrane
e) The resting membrane potential is reinstated

A

Hyperpolarization of the membrane

120
Q

While both systems maintain homeostasis, how does the nervous system differ from the endocrine system?

a) The nervous system releases neurotransmitters between cells, while the endocrine system releases hormones into the blood.
b) The nervous system releases neurotransmitters into the blood, while the endocrine system releases hormones between cells.
c) The nervous system releases hormones between cells, while the endocrine system releases neurotransmitters into the blood.
d) The nervous system releases hormones into the blood, while the endocrine system releases neurotransmitters between cells.

A

a) The nervous system releases neurotransmitters between cells, while the endocrine system releases hormones into the blood.

A & P (8 decks)

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