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Muscles Flashcards

1
Q

A skeletal muscle organ is covered by connective tissue called:

Ectomysium

Perimysium

Intramysium

Endomysium

Epimysium

A

Epimysium

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2
Q

The heads of the myosin filaments are associated with an enzyme called ATP synthase.

A

False

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3
Q

A group of muscle cells is covered by connective tissue called:

Ectomysium

Endomysium

Epimysium

Intramysium

Perimysium

A

Perimysium

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4
Q

In general, when something binds to a three-dimensional protein, it changes the shape of that protein.

A

True

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5
Q

What triggers the change in the 3D shape of troponin?

The shortening of the sarcomere.

Cross-bridging.

The binding of more calcium ions.

The sliding of the myofilaments.

A

The binding of more calcium ions.

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6
Q

A thin filament consists of all of the following proteins, except:

Myosin

Troponin

Actin

Tropomyosin

A

Myosin

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7
Q

Which of these is NOT a part of the actin myofilament?

tropomyosin

actin

cisternae

troponin

A

Cisternae

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8
Q

The function of the linear tropomyosin molecule is to block the active sites on the thin filaments.

A

True

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9
Q

The enlarged sac-like areas of the sarcoplasmic reticulum that abut the T tubules are called:

terminal cisternae.

tropomyosin molecules.

sarcomeres.

sarcolemma.

troponin molecules.

A

Terminal cisternae

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10
Q

Muscle tissue that maintains our body posture is:

Cardiac muscle tissue

Skeletal muscle tissue

Smooth muscle tissue

A

Skeletal muscle tissue

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11
Q

True or False: The H zone functions in anchoring the thick filaments.

A

False

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12
Q

A fascicle is covered by connective tissue called:

Epimysium

Endomysium

Sarcoplasm

Sarcolemma

Perimysium

A

Perimysium

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13
Q

True or False: When myoblasts fuse in the embryo, a syncytium, called a skeletal muscle cell is formed.

A

True

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14
Q

True or False: The H zone is found inside of the I band.

A

False

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15
Q

Muscle tissue is unique because it is excitatory (can conduct electrical signals):

A

False

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16
Q

True or False: Striated muscle tissues include skeletal and cardiac muscle tissues.

A

True

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17
Q

Muscle tissue found in the walls of blood vessels is:

Smooth muscle tissue

Cardiac muscle tissue

Skeletal muscle tissue

A

Smooth muscle tissue

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18
Q

True or False: Striations are formed by the alternating light A bands and dark I bands

A

False

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19
Q

During muscle contraction, cross bridges form where myosin heads come in contact with active sites on:

Question 19 options:

troponin molecules.

calcium ions.

acetylcholine molecules.

tropomyosin molecules.

actin molecules.

A

Actin molecules

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20
Q

True or False: Endomysium covers the sarcolemma:

A

True

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21
Q

Select the smallest structure in the muscle fiber:

Sarcomere
Fascicle
Fibril
Filament
Fiber
A

Filament

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22
Q

When skeletal muscle fibers hypertrophy, they:

Split in half.

Replicate.

Increase protein synthesis to increase their size.

Go through mitotic divisions.

A

Increase protein synthesis to increase their size.

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23
Q

We get bulkier from working out because skeletal muscles:

Question 3 options:

Increase protein synthesis to increase their size.

Go through mitotic divisions.

Replicate.

Split in half.

A

Increase protein synthesis to increase their size.

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24
Q

True or False: Myosin filaments contain the active sites to which the heads will bind during contraction.

A

False

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25
Q

True or False: The function of the sarcoplasmic reticulum is to store large amounts of sodium and potassium ions.

A

False

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26
Q

Muscle tissue that helps with the stability of our joints is called:

Smooth muscle tissue
Skeletal muscle tissue
Cardiac muscle tissue

A

Skeletal muscle tissue

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27
Q

The cell membrane of a muscle cell is called:

Endomysium
Epimysium
Sarcoplasm
Perimysium
Sarcolemma
A

Sarcolemma

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28
Q

Which of these units contains overlapping actin and myosin myofilaments in a relaxed sarcomere?

Z disk
I band
A band
H zone
M line
A

A band

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29
Q

Select the largest structure in the muscle fiber:

Fascicle
Filament
Fibril
Fiber

A

Fibril

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30
Q

True or False: Voluntary muscle tissues include smooth and skeletal muscle tissues.

A

False

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31
Q

Gap junctions in cardiac muscle tissue function as zippers between muscle cells to ensure that the heart contracts as a whole:

A

False

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32
Q

True or False: Skeletal muscle tissue is poorly innervated.

A

False

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33
Q

True or False: When more calcium ions bind to one of the subunits of the troponin complex, the whole troponin complex changes its 3-D shape.

A

True

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34
Q

The cytoplasm of a muscle cell is called:

Sarcoplasm
Sarcoplasmic reticulum
Sarcolemma
Sarcomere

A

Sarcoplasm

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35
Q

Skeletal muscle fibers cannot replicate because:

They have too many proteins.
They are striated.
They have too many nuclei.
They have too many satellite cells surrounding them.

A

They have too many nuclei

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36
Q

The interior of muscle fibers is mostly filled with:

sarcoplasmic reticulum.
triads
myofibrils.
fascicles
nuclei.
A

Myofibrils

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37
Q

This muscle tissue is always multinucleated.

Cardiac muscle tissue
Skeletal muscle tissue
Smooth muscle tissue

A

Skeletal muscle tissue

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38
Q

True or False: Terminal cisternae are part of the sarcoplasmic reticulum.

A

True

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39
Q

True or False: The M line runs through the middle of thick filaments in a sarcomere

A

True

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40
Q

The subunits of the troponin complex include all of the following, except:

the subunit that binds with tropomyosin

the subunit that binds with actin

the subunit that binds with calcium ions

the subunit that binds with myosin

A

The subunit that binds with myosin

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41
Q

The heads in skeletal muscle cells are always ready to bind and form cross-bridges.

A

True

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42
Q

When threshold voltage is reached on a skeletal muscle cell membrane, it triggers the opening of Na+ ____ -gated channels and K+ ____-gated channels.

Chemical, voltage
Chemical, chemical
Voltage, chemical
Voltage, voltage

A

Voltage, voltage

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43
Q

When the sarcolemma returns to electrical resting conditions, it ____.

Repolarizes

Depolarizes

Polarizes

A

Repolarizes

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44
Q

When more and more motor units are engaged to increase the strength of a muscle contraction, _____ occurs.

complete tetanus

spatial summation

temporal summation

wave summation

A

Spatial summation

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45
Q

During passive sodium ions always flow ____ a cell, and potassium ions always flow ___ of a cell.

into, out of

out of, into

A

Into, out of

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46
Q

True or False: When your patient does not have a sufficient amount of acetylcholine receptors, she will suffer from muscle paralysis.

A

True

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47
Q

When threshold voltage is reached, a change in the RMP of about +15 to +20 ____ (unit) occurs.

millivolts
amperes
watt
volts

A

Millivolts

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48
Q

Resistance exercise will most likely cause muscle to __________.

dystrophy
atrophy
hypertrophy
hypotrophy

A

Hypertrophy

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49
Q

A dark band formed by parallel thick filaments that partly overlap the thin filaments is known as an H band.

A

False

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50
Q

A sarcomere extends from:

Z disc to Z disc
I band to I band
H band to H band
A band to A band
M line to M line
A

Z disc to Z disc

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51
Q

When all end plate potentials start to merge on the motor end plate, a process called ____ occurs.

Summation
Propagation
Firing

A

Summation

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52
Q

Skeletal muscle is said to be a ____ muscle because we can control it consciously.

excitable

contractile

voluntary

striated

A

Voluntary

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53
Q

True or False: Ions are pumped non-stop across cell membranes through ion pumps.

A

True

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54
Q

When an AP arrives at an axonal terminal, Ca++ ____ -gated ion channels in the axonal terminal’s cell membrane are triggered to open.

voltage
pump
chemical
ligand

A

Voltage

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55
Q

What is the correct function for triads in skeletal a:

The triad synthesizes ATP.

The triad maintains the resting membrane potential.

The triad allows for Ca2+ release when a muscle fiber is excited.

The triad removes acetylcholine from the synaptic cleft.

The triad stores sodium.

A

The triad allows for Ca2+ release when a muscle fiber is excited.

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56
Q

True or False: Aerobic respiration produces more ATPs per glucose molecule than glycolysis does.

A

True

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57
Q

Calcium ion pumps are found in axonal terminals as well as in the membranes of terminal cisternae.

A

True

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58
Q

As you are lifting a box, someone places extra weight on top of it. For your muscle to continue contracting and lifting the box, the muscle depends mostly on __________.

temporal summation
wave summation
motor unit recruitment

A

Motor unit recruitment

59
Q

Which structures interconnect myosin filaments and Z discs?

T tubule
myofibril
elastic filament
sarcolemma
thin filament
A

Elastic filament

60
Q

When an action potential recreates itself over and over and really fast down an axon or down a T-tubule, it is said to:

Fire
Summate
Propagate

A

Propagate

61
Q

This is a striated tissue with many flattened nuclei under the plasma membrane in each cell.

smooth muscle

visceral muscle

cardiac muscle

skeletal muscle

A

Skeletal muscle

62
Q

True or False: Skeletal muscle fibers can be up to a foot long

A

True

63
Q

The endomysium is a delicate connective tissue sheath that covers:

entire skeletal muscle organs

skeletal muscle fibers

bundles of smooth muscle fibers

bundles of cardiac muscle fibers

fascicles

A

Skeletal muscle fibers

64
Q

The smooth endoplasmic reticulum of a muscle cell is called:

Sarcomere

Sarcolemma

Sarcoplasm

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

A

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

65
Q

True or False: Satellite cells are located outside the skeletal muscle cells

A

True

66
Q

True or False: Muscles are sometimes directly connected to bones, without a tendon:

A

True

67
Q

Intercalated discs are characteristic for:

Skeletal muscle tissue

Smooth muscle tissue

Cardiac muscle tissue

A

Cardiac Muscle tissue

68
Q

True or False: T-tubules wrap around individual myofilaments.

A

False

69
Q

True or False: The term “syncytium” literally means many cells together.

A

True

70
Q

True or False: Skeletal muscle is poorly vascularized

A

False

71
Q

True or False: All hollow organs have smooth muscle in their walls

A

False

72
Q

True or False: In a sarcomere of a skeletal muscle fiber, each thick filament is surrounded by 6 thin filaments (You may have to do some research on this).

A

True

73
Q

True or False: The gap junctions in cardiac muscle tissue ensure that electrical currents pass rapidly between the muscle cells of the heart:

A

True

74
Q

True or False: Ligaments connect muscle to bone

A

False

75
Q

True or False: A thin filament is made up of a couple hundred myosin molecules.

A

False

76
Q

The T in T-tubule stands for:

Triad

Tiny

Transverse

Terminal

A

Transverse

77
Q

Excitability is a functional feature for the following:

Muscle and nervous tissues

Connective and epithelial tissues

Nervous and epithelial tissues

Muscle and connective tissues

A

Muscle and nervous tissues

78
Q

True or False: Skeletal muscle fibers are very rich in mitochondria:

A

True

79
Q

Muscle tissue that is attached to our bones is:

Cardiac muscle tissue

Smooth muscle tissue

Skeletal muscle tissue

A

Skeletal muscle tissue

80
Q

The heads of the myosin filaments are associated with an enzyme that catalyzes ATP hydrolysis.

A

True

81
Q

When acetylcholine binds to its receptors in the neuromuscular junction:

Sodium ions move out and potassium ions flow into the muscle fiber.

Ca2+ ions enter the T tubules.

The sarcolemma starts to repolarize.

The inhibitory effect of acetylcholinesterase is overridden.

The permeability of the sarcolemma to Na+ and K+ increases.

A

The permeability of the sarcolemma to Na+ and K+ increases

82
Q

When calcium ions collide with _____ on the _____ filament in skeletal muscle cells, this protein complex changes its 3D shape.
Question 2 options:

troponin, myosin

tropomyosin, myosin

troponin, actin

tropomyosin, thick

A

Troponin actin

83
Q

True or False: A skeletal muscle suspended in the lab will contract more forcefully during wave summation when a higher and higher voltage stimulus is applied to the suspended muscle in the lab:

A

False

84
Q

Why do you continue to breathe so heavily after running from your car to the doctor’s office because you thought you were quite late?

The kidneys require oxygen to dispose of excess lactate.

Myosin heads need more oxygen to fully detach from actin.

The lungs can’t stop breathing until the heart rate slows down.

The body requires more oxygen to restore levels of ATP and creatine phosphate.

A

The body requires more oxygen to restore levels of ATP and creative phosphate

85
Q 
How many muscle fibers stimulate one somatic motor neuron?
3
2
0
1
4
A

0

86
Q

After threshold voltage is reached, an action potential ____ when the first sodium channels open.
Question 6 options:

Stops

Propagates

Polarizes

Fires

A

Fires

87
Q

Extensibility refers to the ability of a muscle to stretch.

A

True

88
Q

Lactic acid produced by skeletal muscle does all of the following, EXCEPT:

Is mostly converted to pyruvic acid that can be used in the Krebs cycle.

Slows down enzymes and ion pumps in muscle cells.

Enters the blood stream

Might dissociate into water and carbon dioxide.

Causes muscle soreness

A

Causes muscle soreness

89
Q

Pick the INCORRECT answer. Skeletal muscle tone:

Results from spinal reflexes.

Does not have a significant purpose in the body.

Ensures we do not slip out of our chair.

Is defined as the slightly contracted state of skeletal muscles even when we perceive them as relaxed.

Stabilizes joints and ensures muscles are always “ready” to respond.

A

Does not have a significant purpose in the body

90
Q

The minimum stimulus needed to cause muscle contraction is called the __________.

latent period

innervation

motor unit

twitch

threshold

A

Threshold

91
Q

Components of skeletal muscle fiber triads include:

two thick myofilaments and one thin myofilament

two thin myofilaments and one thick myofilament

two terminal cisternae and one T tubule

two A bands and one I band

two T tubules and one terminal cistern

A

Two terminal cisternae and one T tubule

92
Q

A somatic motor neuron plus all its skeletal muscle fibers equals:

A sarcomere

A neuromuscular junction

A motor unit

A

A motor unit

93
Q

For quick bursts of small amounts of ATP production, skeletal muscles depend on the enzyme creatine kinase.

A

True

94
Q

True or False: In skeletal muscle cells, attached heads can bend by using the energy from an earlier ATP dehydration reaction.

A

False

95
Q

When ACh binds in skeletal muscle, its protein receptors respond by opening their ____-gated ion channels.

pump

voltage

chemical

electrical

A

Chemical

96
Q

If numerous nerve stimuli arrive at a muscle fiber so that the fiber cannot relax in between twitches, the muscle fiber is:

fatigued

spasming

in complete tetanus

A

In complete tetanus

97
Q

Ca++ ions follow their concentration gradient and flow ___ an axonal terminal when the proper ion channels are triggered to open.

into

out of

A

Into

98
Q

Upon arrival in the T-tubules, the AP triggers the opening of ____ ion channels in the membranes of the terminal cisternae.

phosphate

sodium

potassium

calcium

A

Calcium

99
Q

Where do thick and thin filaments overlap?

In the Z discs

In the I band

In the M line

In the A band

In the H band

A

In the A band

100
Q

Once the first few voltage-gated Na+ ion channels have opened during an action potential, it triggers the opening of more and more. This is an example of a ____ mechanism.

negative feedback

positive feedback

A

Positive feedback

101
Q

_____ release neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft.

terminal cisternae
sarcolemma
junctional folds
synaptic vesicles
Sarcoplasmic rectilium
A

Synaptic vesicles

102
Q

When calcium ions trigger the formation of ____ in skeletal muscle, the muscle starts to tense.

Hydroxyapatites
Synaptic vesicles
Depolarization
Cross-bridges

A

Cross-bridges

103
Q

True or False: An isometric contraction does not change muscle length.

A

True

104
Q

If a poison blocks acetylcholinesterase at a neuromuscular junction, what are the consequences?

numbness
muscle wasting
tetanus
atrophy
flaccid paralysis
A

Tetanus

105
Q

True or False: The sarcoplasmic reticulum is the smooth endoplasmic reticulum of a muscle fiber.

A

True

106
Q

Striated muscle tissues include:

Cardiac and skeletal
All muscle tissues
Smooth and skeletal
Only skeletal

A

Cardiac and skeletal

107
Q

When a muscle twitch produces enough tension to move an object by shortening the muscle, the twitch is in the _____ phase.

relaxation
latent
twitch
contraction

A

Contraction

108
Q

True or False: A skeletal muscle suspended in the lab will contract more forcefully during wave summation when a threshold stimulus of the exact same strength is applied over and over, and very fast in a row.

A

True

109
Q

True or False: Most ATP production in skeletal muscle cells results from anaerobic metabolism.

A

False

110
Q

What is NOT a function of “repaying” oxygen debt?

To replenish pyruvic acid.
To neutralize carbon dioxide buildup
To replenish ATP reserves
To regenerate glycogen
To restore resting levels of ATP and CP
A

To neutralize carbon dioxide buildup

111
Q

A skeletal muscle suspended in the lab will contract more forcefully during motor unit recruitment when a higher and higher voltage stimulus is applied to the suspended muscle in the lab:

A

True

112
Q

Shortening a muscle while it maintains constant tension is called __________.

an isotonic contraction
an isokinetic contraction
an isometric contraction

A

Isotonic contraction

113
Q

Calcium ions move ______ their concentration gradient from the _____ into the ____ of the muscle fiber.

Against, sarcoplasm, terminal cisternae
Down, terminal cisternae, sarcoplasm
Down, sarcoplasm, terminal cisternae
Against, terminal cisternae, sarcoplasm

A

Down, terminal cisternae, sarcoplasm

114
Q

Calcium ion pumps move calcium ions ____ their concentration gradient ____ axonal terminals and _____ terminal cisternae.

against, out of, into

against, into, into

along, out of, into

along, into, into

A

Against, out of, into

115
Q

What happens to a muscle fiber when acetylcholinesterase outlasts the release of acetylcholine at its neuromuscular junction? The muscle fiber:

opens its Na+ channels

releases Ca2+

relaxes

contracts

gets stronger

A

Relaxes

116
Q

When we stretch our skeletal muscles, __________ in the protective connective tissue layers helps resist excessive stretching and subsequent injury to the muscle.

actin
thick filaments
collagen
Titin filaments

A

Collagen

117
Q

When neurotransmitters follow their concentration gradients across a synaptic cleft, they are going through the process of:

Active transport

Exocytosis

Osmosis

Simple diffusion

A

Simple diffusion

118
Q

Which of the following individuals would have more mitochondria in her skeletal muscle?

A 50-year-old sedentary computer
programmer
A 22-year-old soccer player
A long-term hospice patient
A model on a reduced-calorie diet
A

A 22 year old soccer player

119
Q

Suppose a muscle fiber cannot fully relax in a lab environment because we keep applying threshold stimuli of the same strength really fast, what will the fiber experience?

complete tetanus

spatial summation

fatigue

spasm

A

Complete tetanus

120
Q

Once an AP has fired, it is unstoppable and will travel really fast by following the sarcolemma down into ____.

sarcoplasmic reticulum

T-tubules

the axon

axonal terminals

A

T-Tubules

121
Q

When your patient does not have a sufficient amount of acetylcholine receptors, she will suffer from muscle paralysis.

A

True

122
Q

Once an AP has fired, it is unstoppable and will travel really fast by following the sarcolemma down into ____.

the axon

axonal terminals

sarcoplasmic reticulum

T-tubules

A

T-tubules

123
Q

Skeletal muscles depend on ATP to function, but can operate in both O2 rich and O2 poor situations.

A

True

124
Q

When a muscle twitch produces enough tension to move an object by shortening the muscle, the twitch is in the _____ phase.

relaxation

contraction

twitch

latent

A

Contraction

125
Q

How many muscle fibers stimulate one somatic motor neuron?

3

2

0

4

1

A

0

126
Q

Extensibility refers to the ability of a muscle to stretch.

A

True

127
Q

If a poison blocks acetylcholinesterase at a neuromuscular junction, what are the consequences?

flaccid paralysis

tetanus

muscle wasting

numbness

atrophy

A

Tetanus

128
Q

What happens to a muscle fiber when acetylcholinesterase outlasts the release of acetylcholine at its neuromuscular junction? The muscle fiber:

Question 8 options:

opens its Na+ channels

contracts

relaxes

gets stronger

releases Ca2+

A

Relaxes

129
Q

True or False: Active sites in skeletal muscle cells are always ready to participate in cross-bridges.

A

False

130
Q

Suppose a muscle fiber cannot fully relax in a lab environment because we keep applying threshold stimuli of the same strength really fast, what will the fiber experience?

fatigue

complete tetanus

spatial summation

spasm

A

Complete tetanus

131
Q

When ACh binds in skeletal muscle, its protein receptors respond by opening their ____-gated ion channels.

voltage

chemical

electrical

pump

A

Chemical

132
Q

When all end plate potentials start to merge on the motor end plate, a process called ____ occurs.

Propagation

Firing

Depolarization

Summation

A

Summation

133
Q

When acetylcholine binds to its receptors in the neuromuscular junction:

The sarcolemma starts to repolarize.

Ca2+ ions enter the T tubules.

Sodium ions move out and potassium ions flow into the muscle fiber.

The permeability of the sarcolemma to Na+ and K+ increases.

The inhibitory effect of acetylcholinesterase is overridden.

A

The permeability of the sarcolemma to Na+ and K+ increases.

134
Q

_____ release neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft.

sarcolemma

terminal cisternae

junctional folds

synaptic vesicles

sarcoplasmic reticulum

A

Synaptic vesicles

135
Q

After ACh binds, the polarity of the sarcolemma reverses. This process is called _____ and generates a ____ potential.

repolarization, end plate potential

depolarization, graded potential

polarization, action potential

hyperpolarization, resting potential

A

Depolarization, graded potential

136
Q

For quick bursts of small amounts of ATP production, skeletal muscles depend on the enzyme creatine kinase.

A

True

137
Q

During passive sodium ions always flow ____ a cell, and potassium ions always flow ___ of a cell.

into, out of

out of, into

A

Into, out of

138
Q

When an AP arrives at an axonal terminal, Ca++ ____ -gated ion channels in the axonal terminal’s cell membrane are triggered to open.

chemical

ligand

pump

voltage

A

Voltage

139
Q

In skeletal muscle, after ACh binds to the motor end plate, both _____ and _____ ions follow their concentration gradients through the same ion channels.

sodium and potassium

calcium and potassium

calcium and phosphate

calcium and sodium

A

Sodium and potassium (?)

140
Q

The minimum stimulus needed to cause muscle contraction is called the __________.

motor unit

twitch

threshold

innervation

latent period

A

Threshold

141
Q

______ catalyzes the transfer of a free phosphate from CP to ADP.

Question 3 options:

myokinase

creatine kinase

ATP

creatinine

cAMP

A

Creatine kinase

142
Q

When synaptic vesicles fuse with an axonal terminal’s cell membrane, they go through the process of:

phagocytosis

endocytosis

exocytosis

pinocytosis

A

Exocytosis

143
Q

Fibers of either one of the three muscle tissues will respond to an electrical stimulus because all muscle cells are _________.
excitable

striated

involuntary

contractile

A

Excitable

A & P (8 decks)

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