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Sheep... > Neurological (Yr 4) > Flashcards

Neurological (Yr 4) Flashcards

1
Q

what are the main localisations of brain lesions?

A

cerebellum
cerebrum
vestibular system
brainstem

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2
Q

what are the clinical signs of a diffuse cerebrum lesion?

A

altered mental state (depression, hyperexcitable…)
blindness
seizures
opisthotnus

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3
Q

what are some lesions that can diffusely effect the cerebrum?

A

bacterial meningitis
cerebrocortical necrosis
pregnancy toxaemia

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4
Q

what are the signs of local cerebrum lesions?

A

contralateral blindness
circling
proprioceptive deficits

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5
Q

what are some causes of local cerebrum disease?

A

GID cysts (Taenia multiceps)
brain abscess
trauma

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6
Q

what are the clinical signs of cerebellum lesions?

A

altered head carriage
ataxia/wide based stance (balance)
dysmetria/hypermetria
intention tremor and nystagmus

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7
Q

what can cause cerebellar disease?

A

congenital - cerebellar hypoplasia (border disease virus)

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8
Q

what are some clinical signs of vestibular disease?

A

head tilt (to affected side)
ataxia (loss of balance)
circling, falling, rolling
spontaneous nystagmus

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9
Q

what are some clinical signs of brainstem disease?

A

depression (ARAS affected)
cranial nerve deficits
ipsilateral hemiparesis

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10
Q

what is the main condition of sheep that affects the brainstem?

A

listeriosis

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11
Q

what are some lesions that can affect the spinal cord?

A

spinal abscess (tick pyaemia)
wobblers syndrome (texels)
trauma
congenital abnormalities

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12
Q

what are the main neurological diseases affecting young lambs (<3 months old)?

A

border disease
congential swayback
drunken lamb syndrome and lamb nephrosis
bacterial meningitis
tetanus
trauma
spinal abscess
louping ill

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13
Q

how do lambs with border disease present?

A

hair shakers (tremors with strong hair coat)

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14
Q

how do lamb with congenital swayback present?

A

ataxic

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15
Q

what is the cause of congenital swayback?

A

copper deficiency

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16
Q

how will lambs with bacterial meningitis present?

A

collapsed

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17
Q

how are spinal abscesses treated?

A

dexamethasone and penicillin

18
Q

what cause louping ill?

A

flavivirus

19
Q

what spreads louping ill?

A

ticks

20
Q

what are the clinical signs of louping ill?

A

head pressing
trembling/tremors/lip twitching
nystagmus
louping gait (moving front/back legs in unison)

21
Q

how can you control louping ill?

A

vaccination
(gain immunity with age)

22
Q

what are the main neurological disease affecting older lambs (>3 months)?

A

cerebrocortical necrosis (CCN)
listeriosis
gid
louping ill
trauma

23
Q

what causes CCN?

A

vitamin B1 (thiamine) deficiency
caused by a change such as diet (weaning), worming…

24
Q

what age sheep is CCN typically seen in?

A

rapidly growing lambs (2-6 months old)

25
Q

what are the clinical signs of CCN?

A

dull, disorientated, recumbency
blind
tremors
opisthotonus
convulsions (poor prognosis)

26
Q

how is CCN treated?

A

vitamin B1 (every 12 hours for 3 days)
supportive - quiet housing, diet…

27
Q

what causes listeriosis?

A

Listeria monocytogenes

28
Q

what are the clinical signs of listeriosis?

A

anorexia, depression
unilateral hemiparesis
trigeminal nerve paralysis (salivation, feed impacted in cheeks)
facial paralysis (drooped ear, lowered eyelid…)

29
Q

what are the two nerves commonly effected by listeriosis?

A

trigeminal and facial

30
Q

how can listeriosis be treated?

A

(catch early!!)
benzylpenicillin IV or procaine penicillin IM
dexamethasone
(5 days course of penicillin)

31
Q

what causes did?

A

Taenia multiceps(not very common now)

32
Q

what are the clinical signs of gid cysts?

A

circling
unilateral blindness (contralateral side)
head tile
skull softening
(gradual onset)

33
Q

how can gid cysts be controlled?

A

worm dogs with praziquantel every 6 weeks
keep dogs away from sheep carcasses

34
Q

what is the main differential for vestibular disease?

A

otitis media (Pasturella, Streptococcus…)

35
Q

what are the neurological disease seen in sheep?

A

cervical subluxation (rams fighting) and trauma
listeriosis
metabolic disease (pregnancy toxaemia, hypocalcaemia, hypomagnesaemia)
brain abscess, gid cyst
wobblers
scrapie

36
Q

what are the typical signs of hypomagnesaemia?

A

staggers and hyperaethesia

37
Q

what are the typical signs of hypocalcaemia?

A

collapsed, bloated, flaccid paralysis

38
Q

how can pregnancy toxaemia be diagnosed?

A

beta hydroxbutrate and clinical signs

39
Q

when does hypocalcaemia typically occur in sheep?

A

before lambing

40
Q

when is hypomagnesaemia typically seen in sheep?

A

after lambing usually when rearing twins (stress and milk drain as no magnesium store)

41
Q
A

Sheep... (15 decks)

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