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Sheep... > Lameness (Yr 4) > Flashcards

Lameness (Yr 4) Flashcards

1
Q

what are the common causes of lameness in sheep relating to the feet?

A

footrot (scald, benign, virulent)
CODD
white line disease
toe granuloma
foot abscess
interdigital hyperplasia
overgrown, foreign bodies

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2
Q

what is benign footrot also known as?

A

scald or interdigital dermatitis

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3
Q

what is the main pathogen associated with scald (benign footrot)?

A

Dichelobacter nodosus (also Fusobacterium necrophorum)

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4
Q

what are the clinical signs of scald (benign footrot)?

A

lameness
interdigital skin inflamed/discharging
smells
(no horn under-running or separation)

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5
Q

what predisposes sheep to benign footrot (scald)?

A

interdigital moisture/damage (warm wet conditions)
high stocking rates (housing)

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6
Q

what is virulent footrot?

A

interdigital dermatitis plus progressive under-running of sole starting medially

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7
Q

how do horns with virulent footrot appear?

A

grey necrotic pungent smelling sole

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8
Q

what is the primary aetiological agent of footrot?

A

Dichelobacter nodosus

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9
Q

is Dichelobacter nodosus anaerobic or aerobic?

A

anaerobic

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10
Q

what are the virulence factor of Dichelobacter nodosus?

A

fimbrae (allows movement)
proteases (necrosis of horn)

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11
Q

how can benign footrot (scald) be treated?

A

oxytetracycline spray
formalin/zinc sulphate foot bath
(systemic antibiotics not necessary)

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12
Q

how is virulent footrot treated?

A

long acting oxytetracycline or amoxicillin (first line)
macrolides if you want longer acting (tilmicosin…)
do not trim
treat quickly and isolate

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13
Q

should lame sheep with footrot have their feet trimmed?

A

no - delays healing and spreads disease

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14
Q

what does CODD stand for?

A

contagious ovine digital dermatitis

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15
Q

how lame are sheep with CODD?

A

severe lameness

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16
Q

how does CODD appear clinically?

A

ulcerative/proliferative lesion begins at coronary band
progressive under-running of hoof wall downwards
hoof sloughs off

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17
Q

how is CODD graded?

A

1 - coronary band lesion
2 - <50% horn capsule separated
3 - >50% hoof capsule separated
4 - healing but still active
5 - healed

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18
Q

can CODD lesions heal?

A

yes - but hoof often left deformed

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19
Q

how deep does infection of CODD spread?

A

can reach bone

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20
Q

what is the causative agent associated with CODD?

A

treponeme bacteria (same as digital dermatitis in cattle)
Dichelobacter nodosus and Fusobacterium necrophorum also found

21
Q

what are the risk factors for CODD?

A

late summer to early autumn
lush, wet pasture with high stocking

22
Q

how is CODD treated?

A

isolate
long acting amoxicillin (treat until cure)
macrolide for second line longer acting

23
Q

what is the five point plan?

A

vaccinate twice yearly with footvax
treat lame sheep quickly
biosecurity
reduce environmental challenge
cull chronically lame sheep

24
Q

what is footvax for?

A

footrot (Dichelobacter nodosus)

25
Q

what can footvax be used for?

A

prevention and treatment of footrot (can be used in an outbreak)
some protection against CODD

26
Q

what is the issue with the footrot vaccination?

A

oily adjuvant so can cause lumps/abscesses (don’t use near shearing or lambing)

27
Q

what is the typical footvax protocol?

A

2 doses 4-6 weeks apart then 6 monthly boosters

28
Q

what biosecurity should be taken for foot lesions for bought in stock?

A

isolate and treat with footvax
return if signs of footrot/CODD

29
Q

what is white line disease?

A

separation of white line

30
Q

when may white line disease lead to lameness?

A

when sensitive tissue gets exposed or impacted with stones/mud
abscess formation (tracks up the horn)

31
Q

how can white line disease be treated?

A

no infection - leave or trim slightly
abscess - trim to drain pus

32
Q

what causes a toe granuloma?

A

overtriming (chronic irritation/infection)
chronic foot disease

33
Q

how are toe granulomas treated?

A

intravenous regional anaesthesia
cut off and cauterise granulation tissue

34
Q

how is interdigital hyperplasia treated?

A

trim and clean
(antibiotics if secondary infection present)

35
Q

what predisposes sheep to laminitis?

A

high energy/concentrate diet

36
Q

how is laminitis treated?

A

treat underlying disease
NSAIDs

37
Q

what causes a pedal joint abscess?

A

interdigital infection spreads into the interphalangeal joint structures, pus then tracks abaxially to emerge at the coronary band

38
Q

what are the clinical signs of pedal joint abscesses?

A

severe lameness
swollen, warm foot
widened interdigital space
purulent discharge

39
Q

how can pedal joint abscesses be treated?

A

flush and antibiotics
digit amputation

40
Q

where do you disarticulate for a digit amputation?

A

between P1 and P2

41
Q

what is strawberry footrot?

A

proliferative scab lesion of distal limb usually caused by orf or dermatophillus

42
Q

how is strawberry footrot treated?

A

systemic/topical antibiotics (penicilin)
move to dry area

43
Q

what causes white muscle disease?

A

selenium and vitamin E deficiency

44
Q

what animals is white muscle disease seen in?

A

young, rapidly growing lambs

45
Q

how does white muscle disease present?

A

stiff and reluctant to move
swollen/painful skeletal muscles

46
Q

how can white muscle disease be diagnosed?

A

raised glutathione peroxidase in blood

47
Q

what are some causes of infectious arthritis?

A

neonatal infections (Streptococcus dysgalactaie)
tick pyaemia (Staphylococcus aureus)
Erysipelothrix

48
Q
A

Sheep... (15 decks)

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