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Sheep... > Death, clostridial, notifiable disease (Yr 4) > Flashcards

Death, clostridial, notifiable disease (Yr 4) Flashcards

1
Q

what can cause death of neonatal lambs?

A

congenital issues
birth trauma (rib fractures…)
starvation, hypothermia
clostridial disease (lamb dysentery, tetanus…)
neonatal infection (watery mouth, septicaemia…)
intestinal torsions
predators

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2
Q

what can cause death in older lambs?

A

clostridial disease (pulpy kidney, braxy, abomasitis…)
pasteurellosis
urolithiasis (high concentrates)
PGE/parasites
acute fluke
rumen acidosis
plant poisoning

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3
Q

what are the common plant poisonings of sheep?

A

yew, acorn, laurel, rhododendron

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4
Q

what is the cause of pneumonia pasteurellosis?

A

Mannheim haemolytica

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5
Q

where is Mannheimia haemolytic found as a normal commensal?

A

nasopharynx

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6
Q

what are some risk factors of developing pneumonia pasteurellosis?

A

poor colostrum status
stress - transport, weather acidosis, housing…

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7
Q

what is used to treat pneumonia pasteurellosis?

A

long acting oxytetracycline or amoxicillin

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8
Q

how can pneumonia pasteurellosis be controlled prophylactically?

A

vaccination (lambs from three weeks of age, boosters of pre-lambing ewes)
control risk factors

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9
Q

what causes systemic pasteurellosis?

A

Bierbersteinia trehalosi

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10
Q

where is Bierbersteinia trehalosi found as a normal commensal in the sheep?

A

upper respiratory tract

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11
Q

what aged lambs get Bierbersteinia trehalosi (systemic pasteurellosis)?

A

6-10 month old lambs (sudden death)

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12
Q

what are some risk factors for Bierbersteinia trehalosi (systemic pasteurellosis)?

A

stress - grazing change, weather, disease, handling…

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13
Q

what can be done to treat Bierbersteinia trehalosi (systemic pasteurellosis)?

A

long acting oxytetracycline

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14
Q

what are the risk factors commonly associated with clostridial disease?

A

poor hygiene
injury/trauma/wounds
endoparasites
dietary changes
(organisms ubiquitous in environment)

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15
Q

what type of environment in the sheep allows clostridial disease to multiple and produce toxins?

A

anaerobic

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16
Q

what causes death in clostridial disease?

A

toxins produced by bacteria

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17
Q

what causes lamb dysentery?

A

Clostridium perfringens type B

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18
Q

what does Clostridium perfringens type B cause?

A

lamb dysentery

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19
Q

what is the main clinical sign of lamb dysentery (Clostridium perfringens type B)?

A

profuse haemorrhagic diarrhoea (plus abdominal pain)

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20
Q

what age sheep are effected by lamb dysentery (Clostridium perfringens type B)?

A

<3 weeks old

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21
Q

what are the main risk factors for lamb dysentery?

A

over crowding and poor hygiene

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22
Q

what is the typical post mortem finding of Clostridium perfringens type B?

A

haemorrhagic enteritis
blood stained peritoneal fluid

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23
Q

how if Clostridium perfringens type B (lamb dysentery) diagnosed?

A

post mortem (haemorrhagic enteritis)
ELISA for toxins
culture

24
Q

what causes pulpy kidney disease?

A

Clostridium perfringens type D

25
Q

what does Clostridium perfringens type D cause?

A

pulpy kidney disease

26
Q

what age sheep is Clostridium perfringens type D (pulpy kidney) seen in?

A

any age lambs

27
Q

what is a major risk factor of Clostridium perfringens type D (pulpy kidney)?

A

high levels of concentrate feeding
(no vaccination or colostrum)

28
Q

what are the clinical signs that pulpy kidney disease may present with?

A

ataxia, opisthotonus, sudden death

29
Q

what are the post mortem findings of Clostridium perfringens type D (pulpy kidney?

A

changes to kidney (haemorrhage…)
blood stain peritoneal fluid

30
Q

how is pulpy kidney (Clostridium perfringens type D) diagnosed?

A

post mortem changes (kidney and peritoneal fluid)
ELISA for toxin
culture

31
Q

what does Clostridium sordelli cause?

A

abomasitis and toxaemia

32
Q

what age sheep is Clostridium sordelli seen in?

A

4-10 weeks old

33
Q

what is the main risk factor for Clostridium sordelli?

A

intensive concentrate reared lambs

34
Q

what are the possible clinical signs of Clostridium sordelli?

A

sudden death
bloat/distention of abomasum

35
Q

what are the findings on post mortem of Clostridium sordelli?

A

haemorrhagic bloated abomasum

36
Q

what does Clostridium tetani cause?

A

tetanus

37
Q

what are the main risk factors for Clostridium tetani?

A

contamination at docking and wounds

38
Q

what are the clinical signs of Clostridium tetani?

A

stiff hindlimbs
opisthotonus
recumbency
sudden death

39
Q

what does Clostridium septicum cause?

A

braxy

40
Q

when is braxy (Clostridium septicum) seen?

A

autumn/winter when grazing frosty root crops

41
Q

what causes blacks disease?

A

Clostridium novyi type B

42
Q

what is the primary cause of blacks disease?

A

fluke infection

43
Q

what are the findings of blacks disease (Clostridium novyi type B)?

A

necrotic liver (fluke present)
bloody peritoneal fluid

44
Q

when are clostridial vaccines given?

A

start from 3 weeks old
booster 4 weeks before lambing

45
Q

what are some clostridial vaccines?

A

heptavac P plus
covexin
bravoxin

46
Q

what are some notifiable diseases of sheep to be aware of?

A

anthrax
blue tongue
contagious agalactaie
foot and mouth
scrapie

47
Q

what causes anthrax?

A

Bacillus anthracis

48
Q

what is the typical post-mortem finding of anthrax?

A

splenomegaly (soft and friable)

49
Q

what are the clinical signs of foot and mouth?

A

fever, vesicles, lameness, tongue/dental pad blisters
(highly infectious but not usually fatal)

50
Q

how is bluetongue transmitted?

A

Culicoides imicola (mosquito)

51
Q

what are the clinical signs of bluetongue?

A

fever, mouth ulcerations, eye/nasal discharge, head/neck swelling, lameness
(high mortality)

52
Q

what are the clinical signs of contagious agalactia?

A

mastitis
arthritis
keratoconjunctivits
abortions
(weight loss, pyrexia…)

53
Q

what causes contagious agalactia?

A

Mycoplasma agalactiae

54
Q

what type of disease is scrape?

A

transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (prion disease)

55
Q

what are the clinical signs of scrapie?

A

neurological (trembling, excitable, aggressive, ataxia…)
pruritic, wool loss
weight loss
death

56
Q
A

Sheep... (15 decks)

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