Neurological System

Question 1

what message to carried to the CNS and from the CNS

Answer 1

• Sensory/afferent message is caried to the CNS
• Motor/efferent message is carried from the CNS

Question 2

Cerebral Cortex

Answer 2

The cerebral cortex is the outer layer of the cerebrum. its a major control centre for governing thoughts, memories, voluntary movement.

Question 3

what are the 4 lobes

Answer 3

1. frontal (personality, behaviour, emotion, intellectual)
2. parietal (sensation)
3. temporal (hearing)
4. occipital (vision)

Question 4

what is the wernicke area

Answer 4

the wernicke area is for language comprehension. damage to this area causes receptive aphasia, the person can hear but can understand what is being said/has no meaning.
- in the temporal lobe

Question 5

what is broca area

Answer 5

is for motor speech, damage to this area causes expressive aphasia where the person understand what is being said cant respond (only garbled noises).
- in the frontal lobe

Question 6

the relay station for the nervous system?

Answer 6

Thalamus

Question 7

what is another major control centre. Controls temperature, heart rate and blood pressure; regulate sleep, and coordinate emotional status.

Answer 7

hypothalamus

Question 8

structures of the midbrain

Answer 8

• mid brain (is the most anterior part, it merges into the thalamus and hypothalamus.)
• pons
• medulla

Question 9

The sensory pathway (reflexes and conscious sedation) has 2 routes, which are?

Answer 9

1. Spinothalamic Tract. The spinothalamic tract contains sensory fibres that transmit the sensations of pain, temperature, and crude or light touch (i.e., touch not precisely localized).
2. Posterior (Dorsal) Columns. These fibres conduct the sensations of position, vibration, and finely localized touch

Question 10

Where is the upper motor neurons?

Answer 10

Its in the CNS

Question 11

Where is the lower motor neurons?

Answer 11

Its in the PNS
- is the final common pathway because it funnels many neural signals and it provides the final direct contact with the muscles.

Question 12

Types of reflex

Answer 12

1. DEEP TENDON REFLEX (KNEE JERK)
2. SUPERFICIAL REFLEX (CORNEAL REFLEX)
3. VISCERAL REFLEX (PUPIL TO LIGHT)
4. PATHOLOGICAL REFLEX (ABNORMAL)

Question 13

The cranial neve 1 and 2 extend from:

Answer 13

cerebrum

Question 14

The cranial neve 3 and 12 extend from:

Answer 14

the diencephalon and brain stem

Question 15

They are ——- number of spinal nerve

Answer 15

• 31 spinal nerve
  . 8 cervical
  . 12 thoracic
  . 5 lumber
  . 5 sacral
  . 1 coccygeal

Question 16

what is a dermatome

Answer 16

is a circumsized skin layer that is supplied mainly from one spinal cord segment through a particular spinal nerve

Question 17

the vegus nerve goes to the?

Answer 17

• heart
• gallbladder
• stomach
• respiratory muscles

Question 18

8 dermatone landmark

Answer 18

• The thumb, middle finger, and fifth finger are each in the dermatomes of C6, C7, & C8.
• The axilla is at the level of T1.
• The nipple is at the level of T4.
• The umbilicus is at the level of T10.
• The groin is in the region of L1.
• The knee is at the level of L4.

Question 19

how to identify a stroke

Answer 19

f (face)
a (arms)
s (speech)
t (time)

Question 20

what is syncope

Answer 20

Syncope is a sudden loss of strength and a temporary loss of consciousness (fainting) caused by lack of cerebral blood flow, as occurs with low blood pressure.

Question 21

what is paresis

Answer 21

Paresis refers to weakness of voluntary movements or impaired movement.

Question 22

difficulty swallowing?

Answer 22

dysphagia

Question 23

difficulty speaking/forming words

Answer 23

dysarthria

Question 24

difficulty with language comprehension or expression?

Answer 24

Aphasia

Question 25

when do you perform a screening or complete neurological exam or a neurological recheck exam

Answer 25

- Perform a screening neurological examination (items identified in the following sections) of seemingly healthy patients whose histories reveal no significant subjective findings. - Perform a complete neurological examination of patients who have neuro¬logical concerns (e.g., headache, weakness, loss of coordination) or who have shown signs of neurological dysfunction. - Perform a neurological recheck examination of patients with demonstrated neurological deficits who require periodic assessments (e.g., hospitalized patients or those in extended care), using the examination sequence beginning on

Question 26

sequence for the complete neurological examination?

Answer 26

- mental health - cranial nerve - motor system - sensory system - reflexes

Question 27

sequence for a neurological recheck examination?

Answer 27

- level of consciousness - motor function - pupillary response - vital signs

Question 28

List the 12 cranial nerve and their function

Answer 28

OOOTTAFAGVSH 1. olfactory: small 2. optic: vision 3. oculomotor: parasympatheic movement of the eyes 4. trochlear: downward and inward movement of the eyes 5. trigeminal: senation of pain, touch, corneal reflex 6. abducens: lateral movement of the eyes 7. facial: facial movement 8. acoustic: hearing and equilibrium 9. glossopharyngeal: gag reflex 10. vagus: gag reflex, voice quality, swallowing 11. spinal: trepezius and sternomastoid muscle 12. hypoglossal: movement of the tongue

Question 29

describe the romberg test

Answer 29

- Ask the patient to stand up with feet together and arms at the sides - ask the patient to close the eyes and to hold the position - Wait approximately 20 seconds

Question 30

the absense of pain sensation

Answer 30

ANALGESIA

Question 31

what is Stereognosis (in assessing tactile discrimination)

Answer 31

the patient’s ability to recognize objects by feeling their forms, sizes, and weights, with the eyes closed

Question 32

Astereognosis?

Answer 32

(inability to identify ob¬jects correctly)

Question 33

Graphesthesia?

Answer 33

is the ability to read a number by having it traced on the skin with eyes closed

Question 34

describe the Glasgow Coma Scale

Answer 34

- originally designed for patients with head trauma and has become the most widely used scoring system for patients with an altered level of consciousness in the critical care unit. - The scale is divided into three areas: (a) eye opening, (b) verbal response, and (c) motor response. - Limitations of the Glasgow Coma Scale include inconsistent

Question 35

describe the Canadian Neurological Scale

Answer 35

- used to evaluate and monitor both mentation (level of consciousness, orientation, and speech) and motor function (face, arm, and leg) in patients with stroke - An advantage is that it is a short, simple assessment that does not need to be administered by a neurologist (12-15)