Heart and neck vessels Flashcards
location of the heart
the heart extends frm the second intercostal space to the fifth intercostal space from thr right border of the sternum to the left midclavicular line
what are the 2 continous loop of the blood vessel
- pulmonary circulation
- systemic circulation
what are the layers of the heart
- The pericardium is a tough, fibrous, double-walled sac that surrounds and protects the heart. It has two layers that contain a few millilitres of serous pericardial fluid.
- The myocardium is the muscular wall of the heart; it does the pumping.
- The endocardium is the thin layer of endothelial tissue that lines the inner surface of the heart chambers and valves.
- Epicardium: (space which holds 30 mm of fluid which prevents friction between the layers when heart pumping)
valves of the heart
-Right Atrioventricular valve (Tricuspid valve) in the 5th interspace at the left lower sternal border
-Left atrioventricular valve (Bicuspid valve) 5th interspace at the left midclavicular line
-Right semilunar valve (Pulmonic valve)
(in the second left interspace)
-Left semilunar valve (aortic valve)
(in the second right interspace)
direction of blood flow
liver (ivc), head and upper extremities (svc)
right atrium
(atrioventricular valve- tricuspid)
right ventricle
(pulomonic valve)
pulmonary arteries
lungs
pulmonary veins
left atrium
(mitral/bicuspid valve)
left ventricle
(aortic valve)
aorta
explain the phases of the cardiac cycle
- In diastole, the ventricles are relaxed, and the AV valves (i.e., the tricuspid and mitral valves) are open
- The pressure in the atria is higher than that in the ventricles, and so blood pours rapidly into the ventricles.
- This first passive filling phase is called early or protodiastolic filling.
- Toward the end of diastole, the atria contract and push the last amount of blood (about 25% of stroke volume) into the ventricles. This active filling phase is called presystole, or atrial systole, sometimes referred to as the atrial kick. It causes a small rise in left ventricular pressure. (Note that atrial systole occurs during ventricular diastole, a confusing but important point.)
Systole - At this point, a large volume of blood has been pumped into the ventricles. This volume raises ventricular pressure so that it is finally higher than that in the atria, and the mitral and tricuspid valves swing shut.
- The closure of the AV valves contributes to the first heart sound- lub (S1) and signals the beginning of systole. The AV valves close to prevent any regurgitation of blood back up into the atria during contraction.
- For a very brief time, all four valves are closed which build pressure inside the ventricles to a high level (isometric contraction)
- The aortic valve then opens and the blood eject rapidly causing the pressure in the ventricle to fall.
- When pressure falls below pressure in the aorta, some blood flows backward toward the ventricle, causing the aortic valve to swing shut. This closure of the semilunar valves causes the second heart sound -dup (S2) and signals the end of systole.
- The foramen ovale closes within the first hour after birth because of the new pressure in the right side of the heart, which is lower than in the left side. The ductus arteriosus closes later, usually within 10 to 15 hours of birth.
true or false
true
location of infant and children heart
located at the fourth left intercostal space. It reaches the adult position by 7 years of age
how to calculate cardiac output
stroke volume x rate
what is the 2 vascular structure in the neck
- jugular vein
- carotid artery
what is carotid artery and its location
- is a pressure wave generated by each systole as blood is pumped in the aorta
- The carotid artery is located in the groove between the trachea and the sternomastoid muscle, medial to and alongside that muscle.
differentiate between carotid & jugular pulses
internal jugular pulse:
- lower
- not palpable
- Varies with respiration
- Level of pulse drops and disappears as the patient is brought to a sitting position
CAROTID PULSE
- higher
- its palpable
- does not vary
- unaffected
how to auscultate the carotid arteries
- ask client to tilt head slightly to one side
- ask client to hold exhaled breath not inhaled
- start at the angle of the jaw, mid and base of the neck
- use the bell of the stethoscope
- remind the client to breathe
- repeat on other side
describe the jugular venous pulse pressure
- The jugular veins give information about activity on the right side of the heart. Specifically, they reflect filling pressure and volume changes. When the right side of the heart fails to pump efficiently, the volume and pressure increase, as exposed by the jugular veins.
- The larger internal jugular vein lies deep and medial to the sternomastoid muscle. It is usually not visible, although its diffuse pulsations may be seen in the sternal notch when the person is supine. The external jugular vein is more superficial; it lies lateral to the sternomastoid muscle, above the clavicle.
- Supine position at 30-45 degrees with pillow removed
performing a regional cardiovascular assessment
- pulse and blood pressure
- extremities
- neck vessels
- precordium
