Neurological Examination 1 Flashcards
How do you assess for visual acuity in a person who cannot see at 6m snellens chart?
-Moving the patient closer to the chart: The distance at which the patient is able to see the big letter is their estimated visual acuity.
-Finger counting test: Hold you hand up with your fingers spread. Ask the patient to counting the nmber of fingers they can see. Move you hand closer until they are able to count.
-Hand Motion test : Hold your hand up and move it back and forth and ask the patient to tell you if they notice the motion.
-Light perception test: flash in some light into the patients eyes and ask them to tell you if they are able to see the light.
What are the components of accommodation?
-Ciliary muscle
-Lens
-Retina
-Visual cortex
-Iris and pupil
-Suspensory ligament
Define upper motor nerve lession?
UMNs are neurons that originate in the motor cortex of the brain and descend through the brainstem and spinal cord to synapse on lower motor neurons.
Define upper motor nerve lession?
UMNs are neurons that originate in the motor cortex of the brain and descend through the brainstem and spinal cord to synapse on lower motor neurons.
Characteristics of UMNL
Muscle Weakness: Typically involves groups of muscles rather than individual muscles.
Spasticity: Increased muscle tone leading to stiffness and resistance to movement.
Hyperreflexia: Exaggerated reflex responses.Clonus: Repetitive, rhythmic muscle contractions.
Babinski Sign: Upward (extensor) response of the big toe when the sole of the foot is stimulated.No
Muscle Atrophy: Unless secondary to disuse.
No Fasciculations: Visible muscle twitches are not typically seen.
Define Lower motor nerve lession
LMNs are neurons that originate in the spinal cord and brainstem and directly innervate skeletal muscles.
What are the characteristics of LMNL
Muscle Weakness: Involves individual muscles or groups of muscles.
Hypotonia: Decreased muscle tone.Hyporeflexia or Areflexia: Diminished or absent reflexes.
Muscle Atrophy: Significant wasting of the muscles over time.
Fasciculations: Visible muscle twitches.
No Babinski Sign: Normal (flexor) response of the big toe when the sole of the foot is stimulated.
What are the characteristics of LMNL
Muscle Weakness: Involves individual muscles or groups of muscles.
Hypotonia: Decreased muscle tone.Hyporeflexia or Areflexia: Diminished or absent reflexes.
Muscle Atrophy: Significant wasting of the muscles over time.
Fasciculations: Visible muscle twitches.
No Babinski Sign: Normal (flexor) response of the big toe when the sole of the foot is stimulated.
Explain sensori neural hearing loss and conductive hearing loss
Conductive Hearing Loss:
Weber Test: Sound localizes to the affected ear (lateralizes to the side with conductive hearing loss).
Rinne Test: Negative Rinne (BC > AC) in the affected ear.
Sensorineural Hearing Loss:
Weber Test: Sound localizes to the unaffected ear (lateralizes to the side with better hearing).
Rinne Test: Positive Rinne (AC > BC) in the affected ear, but AC is reduced compared to the normal ear.
MRC Grading of muscle power
- No contraction
- Flicker or trace of contraction
- Active movement, with gravity eliminated
3.Active movement against gravity
- Active movement against gravity and resistance
- Normal power
Explain the FAST stroke assessment
-F: Face: Check for facial asymtery
-A:Arms: Check for muscle Weakness
-S:Speech: Ask the patient to speak
-T:Time: To call for emergency service immediately
Explain the FAST stroke assessment
-F: Face: Check for facial asymtery
-A:Arms: Check for muscle Weakness
-S:Speech: Ask the patient to speak
-T:Time: To call for emergency service immediately
Which tests are used for meningitis?
-Kernig’s test
-Brudzinski’s test
