Cardiovascular Examination

Question 1

What are the cardiac causes of finger clubbing?

Answer 1

-Infective endocarditis
-Congenital heart failure
-Atrial myxoma
-Sickle cell disease

Question 2

What are the signs of heart failure?

Answer 2

-Shortness of breath
-Sudden weight gain
-Chest pain
-Dizziness
-Edema

Question 3

What are the signs of Acute rheumatic fever?

Answer 3

-Polyarthritis
-Carditis
-Erythema marginatum
-Subcutaneous nodules
-Chorea

Question 4

What are the signs of infective endocarditis?

Answer 4

-Janeway lessions
-Osler’s nodes
-Splinter hemorrhages
-Finger clubbing
-Roths spots

Question 5

What are the signs of aortic regurgitation?

Answer 5

-Corrigan pulse
-Mullers sign
-Quinkes sign
-De mussets sign
-Hill sign
-Traube sign

Question 6

Describe the Levin grading of murmurs?

Answer 6

-Grade 1: Slightest possible murmur.It is frequently overlooked. Can only be heard by an expert.
Grade 2:Slight murmur. Should not be missed under optimal conditions
Grade 3: Moderate murmur with no palpable thrill
Grade 4:Loud murmur with a palpable thrill
Grade 5: very loud murmur with an easily palpable thrill
Grade 6: Extremely loud murmur with a palpable thrill. Can be heard even when the stethoscope is not touching the chest. Extremely rare.

Question 7

What are the Auscultation sites?

Answer 7

-Aortic area : 2nd ICS, RSB
-Pulmonary area: 2nd ICS, LSB
-Tricuspid area: 4th ICS, LSB
-Mitral area: 5th ICS, MCL on the left.

Question 8

Differentiate jaguar vein pulsation and carotid pulsations?

Answer 8

-JVP: not palpable
-CP: Palpable
-JVP: Observed typically at the base of the neck lateral to sternoclaidomastoid muscle.
-CP: Felt on the carotid artery.
-JVP: Reflect pressure changes in the right atrium and central venus system.
-CP: Caused by ejection of blood from the left ventricle to the aorta.