Neurological Disorders - Trauma

Question 1

Brains response to secondary injury

Answer 1

Swelling and decreases perfusion - hypoxia - swelling - decreased perfusion

Question 2

Brains initial response to bruising

Answer 2

Vasodilation to increase blood flow
Increases ICP
Increased ICP causes decreased blood flow

Question 3

Decreased CO2 levels will cause

Answer 3

Hypoventilation - cerebral vasoconstriction - cerebral Ischemia (hypoxia)

Question 4

Increased CO2 levels will cause

Answer 4

Hyperventilation - vasodilation and edema (hypoxia)

Question 5

What is CPP

Answer 5

Cerebral perfusion pressure (70-80)

Question 6

What is MAP

Answer 6

Mean arterial pressure (70-100)

Question 7

How to calculate CPP

Answer 7

MAP - ICP

Question 8

Early signs of ICP

Answer 8

Shift CSF to spinal cavity
Effective until become hypoxia
Hypoxia triggers vasodilation which adds fluid volume

Question 9

Cushing reflex

Answer 9

Increased BP
Decreased HR
Decreased RR

Question 10

Why does the BP increase with ICP

Answer 10

Body responds to hypoxia and activates SNS, increasing BP and HR

Question 11

Why does pulse decreased when increased ICP

Answer 11

Baroreceptors in carotid arteries respond to increased BP and slow the heart rate

Question 12

Why are respirations irregular when ICP is increased

Answer 12

Chemoreceptors respond to low CO2 levels from accelerated systemic circulation, and pressure on brainstem

Question 13

Cerebral herniation

Answer 13

Brain swells and forces tissues downward through foramen magnum

Question 14

What is a concussion

Answer 14

Mild blow to the head that causes excessive head movement

Question 15

S/S of concussion

Answer 15

Headache, dizzy, amnesia, tinitis, light sensitivity

Question 16

Cerebral contusion S/S

Answer 16

Prolonged unconsciousness, altered LOC, personality changes, abnormal behaviour, focal neurological signs

Question 17

Basilar fracture

Answer 17

Fracture at the base of the skull
Accompanied with discolouration around eyes and behind ears, leaking CSF

Question 18

Diffuse axonal injury

Answer 18

Severe blunt head trauma that’s causes stretched, shearing and tearing of nerve fibres (axons).

Question 19

S/S of diffuse axonal injury

Answer 19

Generalized edema, subarachnoid bleeding, seizure activity, coma, vomitting
usually ends up vegetable

Question 20

Anoxic brain injury

Answer 20

Lack of oxygen to cells usually from cardiac arrest, airway obstruction, drowing

Question 21

Contrecoup injury

Answer 21

Occurs when rebound causes brain to impact opposite side of skull

Question 22

Spinal Cord injury

Answer 22

Results from a fracture or dislocation of the vertebrae which stretches, compresses or tears the spinal cord

Question 23

Epidural hematoma

Answer 23

Between skull and dura
Head trauma with loss of consciousness, lucid interval with signs of increased ICP, then rapid death

Question 24

Subdural hematoma

Answer 24

Between dura and arachnoid, more common than epidural hematoma

Question 25

Subarachnoid hemorrhage

Answer 25

Between arachnoid and Pia
Associated with traumatic bleeding from blood vessels as base of brain
Blood mixed with CSF prevents hematoma formation