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Neurological Flashcards

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1
Q

2 groups of seizures

A

Focal- affect one area of the brain
Generalised- affect multiple areas of the brain/ spread to all areas

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2
Q

Types of seizures

A

Focal (one area of the brain)
Generalised:
-absence
-tonic
-atonic
-clonic
-myoclonic
-tonic clonic

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3
Q

Absence seizures

A

Stare into space/ repetitive movements
Last 5-10s, can occur in clusters
Often occur in children

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4
Q

Tonic seizure

A

Stiff muscles (back,legs, arms)
May have LOC

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5
Q

Tonic seizure

A

Stiff muscles (back,legs, arms)
May have LOC

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6
Q

Atonic seizure

A

Loss of muscle control
Falls

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7
Q

Clonic seizure

A

Repeated Jerking movements

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8
Q

Myoclonic seizures

A

Sudden brief jerks
Often no LOC

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9
Q

Tonic clonic seizures

A

Most dramatic seizure
Stiffness of limbs followed by jerking
Sudden LOC
Bite tongue
Lose bladder control
Can start as focal and spread
Last for several minutes

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10
Q

When seizures require hospital conveyance?

A

Last longer than 5 mins
First seizure
3 or more seizures in an hour
Unresponsive to treatment (benzodiazepines- midazolam- diezapam)
Head injury/ injury from seizures that requires hospital
Stroke/ illness/ infection cause of seizure

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11
Q

Seizure definition

A

Sudden and uncontrolled burst of electrical activity in the brain
(Excessive neuronal activity)

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12
Q

Symptoms of seizures

A

Confusion
Loss of consciousness
Jerking/ stiff movements
Staring spells
Cognitive/ emotional changes

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13
Q

Symptoms of seizures

A

Confusion
Loss of consciousness
Jerking/ stiff movements
Staring spells
Cognitive/ emotional changes

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14
Q

Causes of seizures

A

Stroke/ head injury
Infection of the brain eg meningitis/ encephalitis
Epilepsy
Pyrexia
Hypoxia
Severe illness
Lack of sleep
Legal/ illegal drugs
Alcohol misuse (eg withdrawal/ extreme intoxication)
Low blood sodium
Hypoglycaemia

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15
Q

Questions to ask for seizures

A

First seizure?
How many seizures have you had?
How long have they lasted for? (>5 mins= medical emergency)
Any signs/symptoms that forewarn a seizure?
Epilepsy? History?
Medication taken?
Taken alcohol?
Characteristics of seizure?
Care plan/ treatment plan for seizures?

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16
Q

Treatment for seizures?

A

If seizing- place in comfortable/safe position, maintain ABC
Hypoxic- 15lpm o2, OPA/NPA
Benzodiazepines- midazolam, diazepam (if multiple seizures, seizures lasting longer than 5 mins)

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17
Q

Stages of seizures

A

Prodome- early warning of seizure, changes in behaviour/ aura/ feeling off
Ictal- middle part of seizure, spans from first symptom- end of seizure
Post ictal- recovery period, can last minutes/hours, length dependent on the area of the brain that was affected/type of seizure, feel sleepy/ trouble talking/ weakness

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18
Q

Branches of the nervous system

A

CNS (brain and spinal cord)
Peripheral NS (neurons in body)- Somatic NS (voluntary) + autonomic NS (involuntary)- parasympathetic NS (relax) + sympathetic NS (fight or flight)

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19
Q

How many cranial nerves/ spinal nerves

A

12 cranial
31 pairs spinal (C-8, T-12, L-5, S-5, C-4)

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20
Q

Neuron structure

A

Myelin sheath- conductor, insulator
Axon
Nodes of ranvier (impulses jump across)
Dendrites (connect to other neurons/cells)
Cell body
Nucleus

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21
Q

Cell bodies clustered in CNS?

A

Nuclei

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22
Q

Cell bodies clustered in peripheral CNS?

A

Ganglia

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23
Q

Sensory/ afferent neuron?

A

Receive impulses from receptors on sensory organs, transmit impulses to CNS

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24
Q

Motor/ efferent neuron

A

Receives impulse from sensory neuron, sends impulse to an effector (gland/muscle) that generates a response
Can be somatic/voluntary or autonomic/involuntary

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25
Q

Nerve?

A

Bundle of neurons outside of CNS, no cell body

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26
Q

Oligodendrocytes?

A

Form myelin sheaths around axons of CNS

27
Q

Microglia

A

White blood cells that defend the CNS/brain and destroy foreign/degenerated material

28
Q

Astrocytes

A

Regulate external environment of neurons eg maintenance of synapses

29
Q

Supporting cell of peripheral nervous system

A

Schwann cells (form myelin sheaths around peripheral axons)

30
Q

Supporting cells of CNS

A

Astrocytes
Oligodendrocytes
Microglia

31
Q

Synapse

A

Connection/junction between neuron and neuron/ neuron and muscle

32
Q

Action at a synapse

A

-Electrical impulse/action potential travels along presynaptic neuron
-activated voltage gated calcium ion channels, activating protein kinase
-protein kinase phosphorylates vesicles, causing them to fuse with presynaptic membrane
-neurotransmitters released by exocytosis into synaptic cleft, diffuse across
-bind to receptors on postsynaptic neuron, converted back into an electrical impulse

33
Q

Cerebrum

A

Largest part of brain, higher mental functions
Right and left hemisphere joined by corpus callosum
Grey matter (neuronal cell bodies) and white matter (neuronal axons)
5 lobes- frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal, deep insula

34
Q

Frontal lobe

A

Brocas area- speech production
Motor area- voluntary skeletal muscle movement

35
Q

Parietal lobe

A

Somatosensory area- muscular/skin sensation, feeling

36
Q

Temporal lobe

A

Auditory area
Wernickes area- speech comprehension

37
Q

Occipital lobe

A

Visual area

38
Q

What brain centres control emotion?

A

Hypothalamus, Limbic system

39
Q

Brain centre responsible for feeling fear/memory of fears?

A

Amygdala

40
Q

What centres are responsible for memory

A

Temporal lobe- hippocampus, amygdala

41
Q

Medulla oblongata

A

Control of breathing/cardiovascular system

42
Q

Cerebellum

A

Motor learning, co ordinating movement of different joints, balance

43
Q

2 corticospinal tracts of spinal cord

A

Ascending- carry sensory information
Descending- carry motor information

44
Q

Cranial nerves

A

Olfactory nerve
Oculomotor
Optic
Trochlear
Trigeminal
Abducens
Facial nerve
Vestibulocochlear
Glossipharyngeal
Vagus nerve
Accessory nerve
Hypoglossal nerve

45
Q

Reflex arc

A

Stimulus- receptor- action potential- sensory neuron- CNS (spinal cord)- relay/interneuron- motor neuron- effector (muscle/gland)-
Involuntary

46
Q

Autonomic nervous system

A

Involuntary functi n
Sympathetic NS (fight/flight)
Parasympathetic NS (relax/regulate changes made back to normal)

47
Q

Acts of parasympathetic ns

A

Constricts pupils
Lowers heart rate
Increases saliva production
Dilates blood vessels
Constricts bronchi
Decreases blood flow to skeletal muscles
Increases stomach and intestine mobility
Contracts bladder

48
Q

Acts of sympathetic ns

A

Dilated pupils to enhance vision
Decreases saliva production
Increases heart rate
Constricts blood vessels, increases blood pressure
Dilates bronchi to allow more air into the lungs
Increases blood flow to skeletal muscles
Reduced stomach motility, diverts blood flow from GI tract
Liver Release glucose to increase blood sugar
Stimulate adrenal glands to secrete stress hormones
Relaxes bladder

49
Q

Multiple sclerosis

A

Chronic autoimmune disease affecting CNS, damages myelin sheathe of neurons (sclerosis= hardening)
Disrupts communication between brain and body

50
Q

Symptoms of multiple sclerosis

A

Fatigue, difficulty walking, vision problems, poor bladder control, numbness/ tingling in parts of body, muscle stiffness/spasm, balance/coordination problems, problems with thinking/learning/planning

51
Q

Risk factors of multiple sclerosis

A

Age
Genetics
Smoking
Diet/obesity
Gender (female more likely)
Vitamin D deficiency

52
Q

Parkinson’s (+symptoms)

A

Degenerative condition, dopamine deficiency due to dysfunctional brain cells
Dopamine involved in motor movement and emotion regulation
Not enough dopamine released into synapse
Symptoms- bradykinesia (slow movement), tremor, postural instability, rigidity

53
Q

Cauda equina syndrome

A

Injury compresses nerve bundle at base of spinal cord (cauda equina) / sensory nerves of pelvis.
Cauda equina controls bladder/bowel function

54
Q

Symptoms of Cauda equina

A

Incontinence
Urinary retention
Sciatica
Weakness/numbness in legs/genitals/anus, sexual dysfunction

55
Q

Amnesia - 2 types

A

Retrograde- unable to retrieve old memories
Anterograde- unable to form new memories

56
Q

Causes of amnesia

A

Trauma/head injury
Seizures
Stroke
Brain tumours
Neurosurgery
Hypoxia
Ischarnia
Viral infection

57
Q

Epilepsy

A

Uncontrolled/excessive neuronal activity in part of/ all of CNS, causing sudden alteration in behaviour

58
Q

Types of epilepsy (severity)

A

Grand map (tonic clonic)
Petit mal (absence)
Focal (specific lobe/part of the brain)

59
Q

Causes of epilepsy

A

Traumatic brain injury (stroke, tumour,hypoxia,injury), genetic, brain infections, low blood sugar, alcohol withdrawal, drug intoxication

60
Q

Treatment of epilepsy

A

Buccal midazolam, IV diazepam, oxygen.

61
Q

Alzheimer’s

A

Type of dementia
Loss/damage to synapses, causes loss of neuronal connections)
Over time affected parts of brain shrink eg hippocampus/temporal lobe, causing symptoms of Alzheimer’s

62
Q

Symptoms of Alzheimer’s

A

Confusion
Disorientation
Getting lost
Difficult decision making
Speech/language problems
Personality changes eg aggression
Low mood/anxiety

63
Q

Meningitis

A

Bacterial/viral Infection of meninges (layers of brain and spinal cord), causes inflammation

64
Q

Symptoms of meningitis

A

Non blanching rash
Photophobia
Neck stiffness
Muscle pain
Fever
Drowsiness
Nausea/vomiting
Seizures

Paramedic Science (9 decks)

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