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Paramedic Science > Immune System > Flashcards

Immune System Flashcards

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1
Q

Immune system contents

A

Tonsils
Adenoids
Spleen
Lymph nodes
Lymph vessels
Thymus
Bone marrow

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2
Q

Bone marrow is the site of…?

A

Haemopoiesis (forming blood cells)

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3
Q

Functions of immune system

A

Recognise and kill pathogens/infected cells
Remove dead cells
Wound healing
Surveillance/removal of cancerous cells

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4
Q

3 types of white blood cells

A

Granulocytes- have specific granules in cytoplasm eg neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils
Lymphocytes- T cells, B cells, natural killer cells
Monocytes- found in blood only, immature

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5
Q

Neutrophils

A

Target bacteria/fungi
Found in bloodstream and tissues
First line of defence (innate, non specific)

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6
Q

Eosinophils

A

Attack parasites - release hydrolytic enzymes
Involved in allergic reaction

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7
Q

Basophils

A

Like Large tissue mast cells located outside capillaries in the body
Mast cells and basophils release histamines, bradykinkin and serotonin
Role in allergic reaction

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8
Q

Macrophage

A

Type of white blood cell
Derived from monocytes, found in tissue e.g alveolar macrophages in lungs, microglia (macrophages of CNS)

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9
Q

Innate immunity

A

Non specific, first line of defence
Neutrophils, monocytes, macrophages, granulocytes, natural killer cells
(Cell mediated)
Fast response
Phagocytosis

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10
Q

3 major groups of phagocytic cells involved in innate immunity

A

Neutrophils (cytokines, chemotaxis)
Macrophages and monocytes (same cell different location)
Organ specific macrophages

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11
Q

Interferons

A

Nonspecific short acting resistance to viral infection
Act as messengers that protect other cells in the vicinity from viral infection

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12
Q

3 types of interferons

A

Alpha
Beta
Gamma

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13
Q

Endogenous pyrogens

A

Cytokines that cause a fever eg interleukin, stimulate hypothalamus to raise temp and induce fever.
Inhibits bacteria, increases neutrophil and interferon production

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14
Q

Phagocytosis

A

Phagocyte attracted to pathogen by surface antigens/chemoattractants, move via chemotaxis
Engulf pathogen in phagocytic vacuole
Lysosome fused with vacuole and releases lysozymes
Lysozymes hydrolyse pathogen
Phagocyte presents pathogens antigens on surface, becomes an antigen presenting cell

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15
Q

Inflammation

A

Physiological response to infection (swelling, heat, pain, redness)
-Vasodilation to increase blood flow to effected area (increased action of neutrophils)
-increased vascular/capillary permeability, fluid leaks into interstitial spaces
-increased clotting factors
-pus formation (dead cells)
-increased production of granulocytes/monocytes by bone marrow
-walling off inflammation to specific area so infection doesn’t spread (clotting mesh formed)
-neutrophilia (overproduction of neutrophils)

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16
Q

Adaptive immunity?

A

Aquired, specific to attacking pathogen
Second line of defence (Humoral)
T cells , B cells, antibodies

17
Q

2 stages of adaptive immunity

A

Cell mediated- T cells, b cells
Humoral - Antibidies

18
Q

Types of T lymphocytes

A

Helper T
Cytotoxic T/ killer T
Suppressor T
Memory T

19
Q

Activation of T lymphocytes? - MHC

A

Antigen presenting cells (e.g macrophage /phagocyte) contain MHC proteins that stick to antigen of pathogen
MHC 1 proteins present antigens to cytotoxic T cells
MHC 2 proteins present antigens to helper T cells

20
Q

Helper T cells

A

Kickstart the immune response and regulate it
Activated macrophage system
Produce lymphokines eg interleukin -1 that act on the immune system eg to stimulate macrophage production
Stimulates B cell growth- differentiation into plasma cells- antibodies
Stimulates cytotoxic T cells

21
Q

Cytotoxic T cell

A

Directly kills microorganisms / cancer cells/ sometimes own body cells
Bind to pathogen and secrete perforins, create holes in pathogen, release cytotoxic substances into cell

22
Q

Suppressor T cells

A

Suppress action of cytotoxic T cells to prevent harm to body cells

23
Q

Memory T cells

A

Produced after primary response
2nd exposure= memory T cells released, faster response

24
Q

How are b lymphocytes converted into antibodies

A

B cell- lymphoblast- plasmablast- antibodies
(Memory b cells)

25
Q

Antibodies types

A

IgE
IgG
IgM
IgD

26
Q

Structure of antibody

A

Heavy and light chains, joined by hinge region
Constant and variable region (variable= antigen binding sites at the top)

27
Q

IgE function

A

Role in Allergic response

28
Q

How do antibodies protect the body

A

Agglutinate pathogens together for easier phagocytosis
Lysis of pathogens
Precipitation of pathogens (make insoluble)
Activate complement system

29
Q

Complement system?

A

Collective term for Group of proteins in plasma involved in immune response and fighting infection together

30
Q

Where are T cells produced?

A

Thymus

31
Q

Active immunity

A

Direct contact with the pathogen/antigen, body produces own response/antibodies.
either via vaccine or naturally.

32
Q

Passive immunity

A

Antibodies given via immunisation vaccine/ passed to baby from mothers milk

33
Q

Active vs passive immunity?

A

Active: takes longer to become immune, experience symptoms of illness, produce own memory cells, longer lasting immunity
Passive: faster, shorter immunity

34
Q

Immune mechanism of allergy (what happens?)

A

-Antigen presenting cells present allergens to T heler cells
-T helper cells stimulate IgE production by B cells, secreted by plasma cells
-IgE bind to receptors on mast cells and basophils (SENSITISATION)
-When allergen antigens bind to IgE on mast cell/basophil, they are stimulated to degranulate, releasing histamines/prostaglandins/leukotrienes into bloodstream (released from granules)
-causes physiological events of inflammation (vasodilation, increased vascular permeability)
-more eosinophils, basophils are recruited to contribute to inflammation

35
Q

Difference between basophil and mast cell?

A

Basophils circulate in the blood whilst mast cells are found in tissues

36
Q

Anaphylaxis

A

Life threatening allergic reaction, develops rapidly , causing rapid swelling and inflammation

37
Q

Anaphylaxis triggers

A

Insect bites
Food
Drugs

Paramedic Science (8 decks)

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