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PMCOL 343 > neuroendocrine control of internal milieu > Flashcards

neuroendocrine control of internal milieu Flashcards

1
Q

does the anterior pituitary or the posterior pituitary have cells that release hormones

A

anterior

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2
Q

does the anterior pituitary or the posterior pituitary have NO cells that release hormones

A

posterior

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3
Q

does the anterior pituitary or the posterior pituitary receive neuronal projections from the hypothalamus

A

posterior

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4
Q

does the anterior pituitary or the posterior pituitary receive NO neuronal projections from the hypothalamus

A

anterior

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5
Q

where do the cell body neuronal projections to the posterior pit come from

A

hypothalamus

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6
Q

which neurons stem from the hypothalamus

A

peptidergic and dopaminergic

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7
Q

which hormones are released from the posterior pituitary

A

oxytocin and vasopressin

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8
Q

what stimulates oxytocin release

A
  • cervial dilation

- suckling at breast

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9
Q

what are the 3 main targets for oxytocin

A

uterus
mammary gland
brain

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10
Q

what does oxytocin do to the uterus

A

smooth muscle contraction

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11
Q

what does oxytocin do to the mammary gland

A

milk ejection

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12
Q

how does oxytocin cause milk ejection from the mammary gland

A

contraction of myoepithelial cells surrounding the mamary alveoli

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13
Q

what does oxytocin do to the brain

A

mating & parenting behavrious, love hormone

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14
Q

what does oxytocin do to vessels at high doses

A

vasodilation

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15
Q

does oxytocin cause vasodilation or constriction at high levels

A

vasodilation

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16
Q

what does oxytocin do to the fluid retention

A

weakly antidiuretic

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17
Q

besides the effects of oxytocin to the uterus, mammary gland and brain, what are 2 other things it does

A

vasodilation (high dose)

weak antidiuretic

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18
Q

what are 3 therapeutic uses for oxytocin

A

induce/augment labor
postpartum hemorrhage
induce postpartum lactation

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19
Q

what are 3 reasons that oxytocin would be used to induce are augment labor

A

early vaginal delivery
uterine inertia
incomplete abortion

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20
Q

what is intrauterine growth retardation

A

slow growth rate of unborn fetus due to inadequate placental functions

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21
Q

what is the oxytocin challenge test (like what does it examine)

A

examine how fetus responds to stress during delivery

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22
Q

what does uterine contraction do to blood flow to placenta

A

reduce

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23
Q

how do you test for intrauterine growth retardation

A

use oxytocin to contract uterus (slow blood flow to placenta) to test if there is a lowering in HR (if there is lowering, means there is poor placenta function)

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24
Q

what does a lowered HR mean with the oxytocin challenge test

A

that the placenta is poor functioning

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25
Q

what must happen if the oxytocin challenge test leads to a lowered HR

A

that they may require cesarean delivery

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26
Q

what causes the stimulation of vasopressin (3)

A
  • increased plasma osmolarity
  • decreased blood volume
  • drop in BP
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27
Q

what is another names for vasopressin

A

ADH

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28
Q

what are 3 main targets/ effects of ADH

A

cardiovascular renal and pituitary

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29
Q

what are 3 different receptor targets of ADH

A

V1 V2 V3

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30
Q

what is the role of V1 receptor activation

A

smooth muscle contraction (cardio)

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31
Q

what is the role of V2 receptor activation + how

A

blood coagulation

stimulation of platelet aggregation & mobilization of coagulation factors

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32
Q

what is the role of V3 receptor activation

A

stimulates ACTH release

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33
Q

what are the 2 cardio effects of ADH

A

smooth muscle contraction (V1) and blood coagulation (V2)

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34
Q

what are the effects of ADH on pit gland

A

stimulates ACTH release

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35
Q

what does ACTH do

A

stimulates adrenal gland to release corticosteroids

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36
Q

what G protein is V1

A

Gq

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37
Q

what G protein is V3

A

Gq

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38
Q

what G protein is V2

A

Gs

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39
Q

what are the effects of vasopressin at the kidneys (3)

A
  • increase water reabsorption (collecting ducts, insert channels)
  • increase urea reabsorption (collecting ducts)
  • increase Na+ reabsorption (distal tubules)
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40
Q

where does ADH increase water reabsorption

A

collecting ducts

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41
Q

how does ADH increase water reabsorption

A

inserting water channels

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42
Q

where does ADH increase urea reabsorption

A

collecting ducts

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43
Q

where does ADH increase Na+ reabsorption

A

distal tubules

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44
Q

what can ADH be used for therapeutically(2)

A 
diabetes insipidus (characterized by large volume of dilute urine)
and as a vasocontriction
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45
Q

why can ADH be used to treat diabetes insipidus

A

its characterized by large volume of dilute urine

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46
Q

what does ADH do to vessels

A

causes vasoconstriction

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47
Q

why can ADH be used therapeutically as a vasoconstriction

A

prophylaxis against bleeding in haemophilia (tooth extraction)

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48
Q

what stimulates melanotrophs

A

MSH releasing factor

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49
Q

where are melanotrophs

A

in the intermediate lobe

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50
Q

which hormone is released from the intermediate lobe

A

melanocyte-stimulating hormone

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51
Q

where is MSH releasing factor released from

A

hypothalamus

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52
Q

what inhibits melanotroph

A

DA

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53
Q

where does DA come from

A

hypothalamus

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54
Q

what are the 3 types of MSD

A

alpha
beta
gamma

55
Q

what does alpha-MSH do

A

anti-inflammatory and anti-pyretic

56
Q

how does alpha-MSH work

A

Gs coupled MC1 and MC3 receptors

57
Q

what does gamma-MSH do

A

increase BP HR and cerebral blood flow

58
Q

how does gamma-MSH work

A

Gs coupled MC4 receptors

59
Q

what do melanocytes do

A

produce melanin (hair and skin colour, reacting to UV)

60
Q

what do melanotrophs do

A

release MSH (alpha beta gamma)

61
Q

what is melanoma and what causes it

A

abnormal proliferation of melanocytes due to excessive MSH

62
Q

how are melanocytes activated

A

binding of alpha-MSH to MC1 receptors (Gs)

63
Q

what are the 5 cell types in the anterior pituitary

A 
corticotrophs
thyrotrophs
gonadotrophs
lactotrophs
somatotrophs
64
Q

what do corticotrophs release

65
Q

what does ACTH stand for

A

adrenocorticotrophic hormone

66
Q

what do thyrotrophs release

A

thyrotrophin (TSH)

67
Q

where are corticotrophins

A

anterior pituitary

68
Q

where are thyrotrophs

A

anterior pituitary

69
Q

where are gonadotrophs

A

anterior pituitary

70
Q

where are lactotrophs

A

anterior pituitary

71
Q

where are somatotrophs

A

anterior pituitary

72
Q

what do gonadotrophins release (what family of hormones)

A

gonadotrophins

73
Q

what are 2 gonadotrophins

A

FSH and LH

74
Q

what are 2 hormones that gonadotrophs release

A

FSH and LH

75
Q

what does FSH stand for

A

follicle-stimulating hormone

76
Q

what does LH stand for

A

luteinizing hormone

77
Q

what do lactotrophs release

78
Q

what do somatotrophs release

A

growth hormone GH

79
Q

whats another name for lactotrophs

A

mammotrophs

80
Q

what causes lactotrophs to release prolactin

A

prolactin-releasing factors from the hypothalamus (thyrotrophin releasing hormone + oxytocin)

81
Q

which 2 hormones cause lactotrophs to release prolactin

A

thyrotrophin releasing hormone + oxytocin

82
Q

what are the 2 prolactin-releasing factors

A

thyrotrophin releasing hormone + oxytocin

83
Q

where are thyrotrophin releasing hormone + oxytocin release ( prolactin-releasing factors)

A

hypothalamus

84
Q

where does prolactin have its effect

A

mammary gland

85
Q

what causes the hypothalamus to release prolactin-releasing factors

A

suckling reflex on berries

86
Q

what is the prolactin-inhibitory facotir

87
Q

where does dopamine do its action in the prolactin pathway

A

inhibits lactotrophs

88
Q

where does estrogen do its action in the prolactin pathway

A

onto lactotrophs and prolactin

89
Q

what does estrogen do in the prolactin pathway

A

increase the proliferation of lactotrophs

90
Q

what does DA do to prolactin secretion

91
Q

what does estrogen do to prolactin secretion

92
Q

how does estrogen increase prolactin secretion

A

it increases the proliferation of lactorophs

93
Q

what 2 things does prolactin do to the mammary gland

A
  • stimulates milk production

- stimulates proliferation & differentiation of mammary gland tissue during pregnancy

94
Q

what are 3 targets for prolactin

A

mammary gland
pituitary gland
ovary

95
Q

what does prolactin do to the pituitary gland

A

inhibits gonadotrophin release

96
Q

what does prolactin do to gonadotrophin release

97
Q

what does prolactin do to the ovaries

A

decreases the response to gonadotrophins

98
Q

what is the result of prolactin decreasing the ovary’s response to gonadotrophins

A

inhibits ovulation during breast feeding

99
Q

what happens to ovulation during breast feeding and why

A

prolactin decreases the responses to gonadotrophins in the ovary

100
Q

what would be a class of drug that inhibits prolactin secretion

A

D2 receptor agonist

101
Q

where are D2 receptors in the prolactin pathway

A

on lactotrophs

102
Q

what happens when D2 agonists bind to the D2 receptor

A

there is a decrease in prolactin release

103
Q

what are 2 therapeutic reasons to use a D2 receptor agonist

A
  • hyperprolactinemia (infertility, hypogonadism, breast tenderness)
  • prolactinomas (decrease tumor size and plasma prolactin levels)
104
Q

what causes the hypothalamus to release GHRH and GHRP

A

stress
exercise
deep sleep

105
Q

what does the hypothalamus release to start the growth hormone pathway

A

GHRH and GHRP

106
Q

what does GHRH stand for

A

growth hormone releasing hormone

107
Q

what does GHRP stand for

A

growth hormone releasing peptide

108
Q

who releases GHRH and GHRP

A

hypothalamus

109
Q

where does GHRH and GHRP act

A

on the somatotrophs

110
Q

what activates the somatotrophs to release GH

A

GHRH and GHRP

111
Q

what do the somatotrophs release

112
Q

where does GH act positively

A

on the liver

113
Q

what happens when GH acts on the liver

A

it releases IGF-1

114
Q

what acts as negative feedback on the hypothalamus in the GH pathway

115
Q

what acts as negative feedback on the somatotrophs in the GH pathway

A

IGF-1 and somatostatin

116
Q

what does somatostatin do to the GH pathway

A

They act negatively on somatotrophs to reduce GH release

117
Q

what does IGF-1 stand for

A

insulin-like growth factor

118
Q

what are 2 things that IGF-1 do (2 places it acts)

A 
inhibits somatotrophs (stop releasing GH)
activates somatostatin (to inhibits somatotrphs)
119
Q

what are 2 things that GH do (2 places it acts)

A 
activates liver (to release IGF-1)
inhibits hypothalamus (stop releasing GHRH and GHRH)
120
Q

what are 3 things the hypothalamus releases in the GH pathway

A

GHRH
GHRP
somatostatin

121
Q

which 2 things activate/ cause somatostain release

A

hypothalamus (it releases it)

IGF-1 (increases its release)

122
Q

what is the source of growth hormone

A

recombinant human growth hormone

123
Q

what does GH do to the liver

A

causes it to produces IGF-1

124
Q

what does GH do to bones

A

causes longitudinal bone growth

125
Q

what does GH do to muscle

A

amino acid uptake + protein synthesis (especially in skeletal muscle)

126
Q

what are 2 things that can happen with too much GH

A 
gigantism = in children
acromegaly = in adults
127
Q

what is the difference with gigantism and acromegaly

A 
gigantism = in children
acromegaly = in adults
128
Q

what happens in acromegaly (Visual)

A

enlargement of facial structures, hands and feet

129
Q

what can be 3 therapeutic uses of GH

A
  • pituitary dwarfism
  • short stature in Turner’s syndrome
  • adult GH deficiency
130
Q

what is pituitary dwarfism

A

GH deficiency in children

131
Q

why can GH be used in turners syndrome

A

there is an associated short stature

132
Q

what can cause adult GH deficiency

A

damage to hypothalamus or pituitary

133
Q

what are 3 symptoms of adult GH deficency

A

obesity, reduced muscle mass, lack of energy

PMCOL 343 (31 decks)

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