animal models-1

Question 1

what did descartes think of animals

Answer 1

“automata” - that their behaviour can be reduced to simple reflex actions

Question 2

what did descartes think of humans (2)

Answer 2

we are gods creations
we are superior (distinct from animals)

Question 3

which 2 people thought of the theory of evolution through natural section

Answer 3

charles darwin and alfred wallace

Question 4

what did darwin think of huamns and animals

Answer 4

humans share homologous structures with lower animals

Question 5

what 4 things did descartes argue about humans and animals

Answer 5

humans have a rational soul
animals are instinctive
human have abstract thought
humans are the only one with minds

Question 6

what 5 things did darwin argue about humans and animals

Answer 6

animals can inherit instincts
humans are descended from animals
humans develop habits
habits are not inherited
humans inherit instincts and learn habits

Question 7

what did sir charles sherrington (1900) think

Answer 7

animals act without mind, no evidenced of thought, feeling or perception

Question 8

what did Wundt (1911) think

Answer 8

basic sensation such as fear may parallel human basic sensations

Question 9

what did pavlov (1897) discover

Answer 9

that animals can have perception, memory and organized thought (Pavlov’s dogs experiments)

Question 10

what does an animal model represent

Answer 10

an attempt by the experimenter to imitate certain aspects of a clinical condition (eg. disease)

Question 11

what do animal models seek to test?

Answer 11

to detect the activity of potential therapeutic drug

Question 12

what is McKinney’s 4 criteria for validating animal models

Answer 12

1. similarity of inducing condition
2. similarity of the behavioural state induced
3. similarity of the underlying neurobiological mechanisms
4. similarity of clinically effective treatments

Question 13

what does the “similarity of inducing condition” mean in McKinneys 4 criteria

Answer 13

that they administer morphine (for example) to get tolerance and addiction like humans, they make the same inducing conditions

Question 14

what does the “similarity of the behavioural state induced” mean in McKinneys 4 criteria

Answer 14

you want to make sure you see similar behaviours with the animal compared to human (addiction, withdrawal)

Question 15

what does the “ similarity of the underlying neurobiological mechanisms” mean in McKinneys 4 criteria

Answer 15

that there is a similar neurochemistry between the animal and human, like in withdrawal

Question 16

what does the “similarity of clinically effective treatments” mean in McKinneys 4 criteria

Answer 16

that drugs that help humans also help animals (eg. clonidine)

Question 17

describe some behaviors used to detect morphine addiction

Answer 17

wet dog shakes, mouth movement, diarhhea

Question 18

what 3 things drive rats’ behaviour

Answer 18

hunger thirst and the need to breed

Question 19

name 5 benefits of the lab rat

Answer 19

small, clean inexpensive, easily handled, short gestation, 3 year life span

Question 20

name two benefits of mice over rates

Answer 20

easy to genetically manipulate
smaller and more affordable for labs

Question 21

name one disadvantage of using mice over rats

Answer 21

behavioural profile is not as complex

Question 22

what animal was used to discover vitamin C

Answer 22

the guinea pig

Question 23

what breed of rat did the lab rat come from

Answer 23

Wild Norway Rat - came to North America in ships but eventually the Albino variant were kept as pets and then used for breeding experiments

Question 24

what is the vision of the wistar rat

Answer 24

bad

Question 25

what were the first laboratory rats

Answer 25

the “pet” albino rats in european labs, then they were brough to USA for testing, became WISTAR rats by the Wistar Institute

Question 26

what is the Long-Evans strain of rats

Answer 26

female Wistars mated with wild male

Question 27

does the long-evans have good vision

Answer 27

yes

Question 28

how was the Sprague-Dawley rat bred? what are some of its characteristics?

Answer 28

mated hooded rat to a female wistar - rapid growth, vigor, good temperament

Question 29

does the sprague-dawley rat of good vision

Answer 29

no

Question 30

which variable is the amount of drug/type

Answer 30

manipulated/independent variable

Question 31

name one commonly measured dependent variable in pharmacology

Answer 31

behavior

Question 32

describe the variability within Wistar rats

Answer 32

some do not drink alcohol, some drink 10x the normal amount.

Question 33

name two rat strains to use in experiments involving visual discrimination (eg. Morris Water Maze)

Answer 33

Long Evans
Hooded

Question 34

what is a double-blind study for human trials

Answer 34

when neither the subjects nor researchers know what conditions the subjects are in, or the drug administered

Question 35

what 2 things does a double-blind study reduce

Answer 35

placebo effect and bias

Question 36

does a double-blind study eliminate subject and experimenter bias

Answer 36

no, but it reduces it

Question 37

what are the 3 groups in the 3 group design

Answer 37

1-experimental drug being tested
2-placebo/vehicle control
3-established drug with a known therapeutic effect

Question 38

what question do you ask when you compare the experimental drug vs. placebo

Answer 38

does the new drug cause any improvement?

Question 39

what question do you ask when you compare the established drug s. placebo

Answer 39

were the research methods sensitive enough to detect improvement?

Question 40

what question do you ask when you compare the experimental drug vs. established drug

Answer 40

does the new drug have any advantage over the old drug?