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PMCOL 343 > 2-autonomic > Flashcards

2-autonomic Flashcards

1
Q

how is tyrosine transported into the adrenergic terminals

A

by a Na+ dependent carrier

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2
Q

what is tyrosine converted into what and how

A

into DOPA via tyrosine hydroxylase

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3
Q

what is the rate limiting step of making dopamine

A

tyrosine hydroxylase converting Tyr to DOPA

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4
Q

what is DOPA converted to and how

A

into dopamine by DOPA decarboxylase

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5
Q

how is dopamine transported into vesicles

A

vesicular monoamine transporter

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6
Q

what does dopamine get converted into and how

A

dopamine converted to noradrenaline by dopamine -β- hydroxylase

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7
Q

what is fusion of vesicles and NA release dependent on

A

Ca2+

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8
Q

what is NA converted into? using which enzyme?

A

adrenaline using phenylethanolamine N-methyltansferase

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9
Q

what some cotransmitters released with NE?

A

ATP, peptidergic co-transmitter, dopamine beta hydroxylase

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10
Q

what substances (other than Ca2+) are capable of releasing NE from vesicles in the synaptic terminal?

A

AMPHETAMINE
tyramine

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11
Q

what happens to NA after release and binding to receptor

A
  1. reuptake
  2. diffuses out of synapses into the lymphatics
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12
Q

what are the ways that NA can be uptaken

A

uptake 1- into terminals (where it was originally released)

uptake 2-into postsynaptic cells

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13
Q

what blocks uptake 1 of adrenergic receptors

A

cocaine and tricyclic antidepressants

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14
Q

what does cocaine and tricyclic antidepressants do

A

blocks uptake 1 of adrenergic receptors

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15
Q

what does monoamine oxidase do

A

metabolize noradrenaline in mitochondria of nerve terminals

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16
Q

what does catechol-o-methyl transferase do

A

metabolize the catecholamines that were taken up into liver by uptake 2

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17
Q

what does catechol-o-methyl transferase do

A

metabolize the catecholamines that were taken up into liver by uptake 2

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18
Q

what happens to the catecholamines that are taken up uptake 2? where does this happen?

A

catechol-o-methyl transferase in the liver

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19
Q

how are catecholamines taken up into the liver

A

uptake 2

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20
Q

what are adrenoceptors like (2 things)

A

heptahelical and G protein/metabotropic

NO ION CHANNELS

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21
Q

what kind of ion channel is coupled to adrenoceptors

A

NONE

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22
Q

what activates α-adrenergic re eptors

A

NA from sympathetic postganglionic nerve

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23
Q

where are α1 found

what do they do

A

postsynaptic adrenoceptors on vascular smooth muscle

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24
Q

where are α2 found

A

autoreceptors/presynaptic adrenoceptor on nerve terminals

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25
Q

what is the role of α2

A

negative feedback control (autoreceptor)

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26
Q

what is the role of α1

A

contraction and increase BP (they are on smooth muscle)

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27
Q

how are β-adrenoceptors activated

A

NA from sympathetic postganglionic nerves and adrenaline from adrenal gland

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28
Q

what does β1 activation do

A

opens Ca2+ (in heart)

29
Q

what does β2 activation do

A

relaxes vascular smooth muscle and dilates bronchioles

30
Q

where is β3

A

adipocytes

31
Q

what do presynaptic β receptors do

A

increase NA release

32
Q

what are the general cholinergic effects

A

relaxation of smooth muscle and secretion

33
Q

What is the general difference between cholinergic and adrenergic effects?

A

the exert the opposite effect

34
Q

what are the general adrenergic effects

A

contraction and inhibition of secretion

35
Q 
how would you pair
-muscarinic
-adrenoceptors
-parasympathetic
-sympathetic
into pairs based on their similarities
A

muscarinic+parasympathetic

adrenoceptor+sympathetic

36
Q

how do the effects of α-adrenoceptors and β-adrenoceptors compare

A

often exert opposite effects in similar tissues

37
Q

what is the adrenergic effect and receptor of the heart

A

increased force and rate of contraction

β1

38
Q

what is the adrenergic effect and receptor of the blood vessels (skin and spleen)

A

constriction, α1

39
Q

what is the adrenergic effect and receptor of the blood vessels (skeletal muscle)

A

relaxation (more blood and power to muscle)

β2

40
Q

what is the adrenergic effect and receptor of the lungs

A

relaxation of bronchiolar smooth muscle, decreased secretion

β2

41
Q

what is the adrenergic effect and receptor of the intestines

A

relaxation

β2 α2

42
Q

what is the adrenergic effect and receptor of the bladder

A

relaxes wall/contracts sphincter

β2 α1

43
Q

what is the adrenergic effect and receptor of the eye ciliary muscle

A

relaxes for far vision

β2

44
Q

what is the adrenergic effect and receptor of the eye/iris

A

contracts radial muscle (mydriasis)

α

45
Q

what is the adrenergic effect and receptor of the skin, pilomotor smooth muscle

A

contracts (goosebumps)

α

46
Q

what is the adrenergic effect and receptor of the apocrine (stress)

A

increases

α

47
Q

what is the adrenergic effect and receptor of the fat cells

A

lipolysis

β3

48
Q

what is the adrenergic effect and receptor of the kidney

A

renin release

β1

49
Q

what is the cholinergic effect and receptor of the heart

A

decreased force and rate of contraction

M2

50
Q

what is the cholinergic effect and receptor of the blood vessels (skin and spleen)

A

endothelium-dependent relaxation

51
Q

what is the cholinergic effect and receptor of the lungs

A

contraction of bronchiolar smooth muscle, increased secretion

52
Q

what is the cholinergic effect and receptor of the intestines

A

contraction and increased secretion

M3

53
Q

what is the cholinergic effect and receptor of the salivary glands

A

increased secretion

M3

54
Q

what is the cholinergic effect and receptor of the bladder

A

contracts wall/relaxes sphincter

M3

55
Q

what is the cholinergic effect and receptor of the eye ciliary muscle

A

contracts for near vision

M3

56
Q

what is the cholinergic effect and receptor of the eye/iris

A

contracts sphincter muscle (miosis)

57
Q

what is autonomic tone

A

basal level of stimulation that visceral organs receive from both parasympathetic and sympathetic innervation

58
Q

which tissues ONLY receive sympathetic innervation?

A

spleen, kidney, liver, fat cells, and most blood vessels

59
Q

does parasympathetic or sympathetic have more autonomic tone

A

para

60
Q

what are the main tissues under sympathetic tone

+the sympathetic role

A

arterioles and veins (vasoconstrict)
spleen (capsule contraction, immune response)
kidney (renin secretion)

61
Q

what happens with ganglionic or adrenoceptor blockade to arterioles

A

vasodilation, increased peripheral blood flow, flushing, hypotension

62
Q

what happens with ganglionic or adrenoceptor blockade to veins

A

vasodilation, pooling of blood, decreased venous return, decreased cardiac output

63
Q

what is the main autonomic tone to heart and why is it beneficial

A

parasympathetic
-to increase HR, just remove the parasympathetic breaks–> it is easier than trying to wait for sympathetic stimulation

64
Q

what determines how target tissue will respond to systemic administration of muscarinic/cholinergic or adrenergic blocking agents?

A

whether the tissue is under predominantly sympathetic or parasympathetic tone

65
Q

what is atropine

and some side effects

A

muscarinic antagonist

so like constipation, tachycardia, dry mouth, urinary retention

66
Q

what does α-adrenoceptor antagonist do to blood flow/vessels and why

A

produces vasodilation and lowers blood pressure because vessels are usually under adrenergic tone (state of constriction)

67
Q

what is the baroreceptor reflex

A

decreased aortic BP-decreased baroreceptor activity in carotid sinus, aortic arch lungs and heart send afferent info to nucleus of solitary tract and ventrolateral medulla

causes efferent sympathetic outflow increased and decreased parasympathetic outflow from brain

this increases HR and BP via vasoconstriction

68
Q

what does high aortic pressure do (baroreceptor reflex pathway)

A

high pressure, increases baroreceptor discharge, activation of parasympathetic outflow and reduce sympathetic outflow (low HR and vasodilate)

69
Q

how is baroreceptor involved in postural reflex

A

standing-25% blood goes to legs

reflex triggers increased HR and constriction of vessels in veins

PMCOL 343 (31 decks)

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