animal models-3 Flashcards
what is the porsolt forced swim test used for (what kind of drugs)
antidepressants
what did dr. porsolt find when young monkeys were separated from their mothers
vocalisation and reduced play behaviour (depressed)
what is learned helplessness
the reaction of an animal once they give up when they are in an inescapable situation
what did TCAs do to monkeys separated from their mothers
reverse the sad behaviour
what did chlorpromazine do to monkeys separated from their mothers
didnt have an effect
what happens when animals are exposed to adverse events to which they have no control over
they have decreased motivation to respond
what does the forced swim test model
behavioural despair
how do you set up a forced swim experiment
they put a tall beaker of water for the rat to swim in and it cant escape, see how long it tries to swim and climb for
do SSRIs work in forced swim
no
does buspirone work in forced swim
yes
what is the tail suspension test used for
antidepressant testing
what does the tail suspension test model for
behavioural despair
do SSRIs increase struggling time in tail suspension test
yes
what are two tests that scientists use to model depression
tail suspension test and porsolt swim test
what did TCAs do to monkeys separated from their mothers
reverse the sad behaviour
what did chlorpromazine do to monkeys separated from their mothers
didnt have an effect
what happens when animals are exposed to adverse events to which they have no control over
they have decreased motivation to respond
what does the forced swim test model
behavioural despair
how do you set up a forced swim experiment
they put a tall beaker of water for the rat to swim in and it cant escape, see how long it tries to swim and climb for
do SSRIs work in forced swim
no
does buspirone work in forced swim
yes
what is the tail suspension test used for
antidepressant testing
what does the tail suspension test model for
behavioural despair
do SSRIs increase struggling time in tail suspension test
yes
how does the open field behaviour test model OCD
they see the frequency +time+speed of visits back to the home base
AND rituals performed at home base
what are the 4 most common obsessions in OCD
doubt, indecision, contamination and symmetry
what are the 4 most common compulsions in OCD
checking, washing, counting and hoarding
what is prepulse inhibition
when the startle stimulus is given after some mild stimulus - this causes attenuation (they will be less startled)
what is PANDAS
paediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric dictorder associated with streptococcal infections, which gives kids OCD
which drugs disrupts prepulse inhibition in rodents
apomorphine and phencyclidine
what can reverse the effects of apomorphine
most antipsychotics
which rats are used in the open field behaviour OCD test
long-evans
what does the open field behaviour test look like
open field, 4 plexiglass cubes
what type of test is used to model OCD
quinpirole-induced complusive checking in open field behaviour test
what does the open field behaviour test test for
OCD
how can you do physical lesions
remove part of brain tissue or electrolytic lesion
does the quinpirole induced model fir McKinney’s 4 criteria?
yes to symptoms and predictive validity (of drugs), similar inducing conditions. so maybe like 75% accurate
what is habituation
when repeated exposure to a startle stimulus results in less response
what chemicals (2) do they use to model parkinsons disease
6-OH-DA or MPTP
which drug disrupts prepulse inhibition in rodents
apomorphine
what can reverse the effects of apomorphine
most antipsychotics
what is apomorphine
non-selective DA agonist
what is phencyclidine
a drug that can also disrupt prepulse inhibition
what can reverse the effects of phencyclidine
atypical antipsychotics
what are the 3 chategories for neurodegenerative diseases
mechanical/physical
toxic/chemical
genetic models
how can you do physical lesions
remove part of brain tissue or electronic lesion
how do they do chemical lesions (what kind of chemical)
neurotoxic chemicals
what disease does the most famous chemical lesion model link to
parkinsons
what chemical do they use to model parkinsons disease
6-OH-DA
what does 6-OH-DA do / how does it model parkinsons
it is taken up by DA neurons and destroys them
what does quinolinic acid do to brain
makes an excitotoxic lesion
what does MPTP use model
parkinsonism (chemical lesion)
how does MPTP cause parkinsons like symptoms
metabolized by MAO B into a toxic metabolize to mitochondria, kills DA neurons
which artery is a good target for stroke models
the middle cerebral artery
do you do permanent or temporary occlusion the middle cerebral artery
either
what happens when you occlude the the middle cerebral artery (2)
restricted blood flow, apoptosis
why would you want to make stroke models
to screen fro drugs to test stroke
what kind of drugs were developed using stroke models
NMDA antagonists
what are some downsides to transgenic/knockout mice (4)
dont behave as well as rats, harder to train, more biting, more stinky
are there knockout rats
yes but hard to get and make
can animal model reflect human disease and behaviour
yes
why do we use animal models for drug development
because they reflect human disease and behaviour
what is optogenetics
use of light to control cells in living tissue, typically neurons, that have been genetically modified to express light-sensitive ion channels.
how can we turn on neurons with optogenetics
stimulate with light (if there is the right excitatory channel that is put into the neuron)
what can be an issue with gene knockouts (why do you have to take them with a grain of salt)
there can be genetic compensation when you knock out some genes
