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Neuroanatomy - AF Flashcards

1
Q

Spinal cord length:

Males
Females

Vertebral column length:

A

Spinal cord length:

Males 45cm

Females 42cm

Vertebral column: 70cm

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2
Q

Spinal cord terminates at?

Dura mater extends to?

A

SC: L1-L2

Dura: S1-S2

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3
Q

In which spinal cord levels can you find the following tracts?

Dorsal spinocerebellar tract
Cuneate tract
Intermediolateral cell column

A

Dorsal spinocerebellar tract: L2 and above

Cuneate tract: T6 and above

Intermediolateral cell column: L2-C8

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4
Q

Where is Onuf’s nucleus found?

A

S1-S4

Lamina IX

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5
Q

Where can you find glycine?

A

Lamina IX internerurons:

Renshaw Cells

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6
Q

Mechanoreceptor for vibration, tapping

A

Pacinian corpuscle

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7
Q

Mechanoreceptor for point discrimination

A

Meissner’s corpuscle

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8
Q

Distance between two simultaneous adjacent stimuli where patient can discriminate:

Fingertips
Shin

A

Fingertips: 5mm

Shin: 10cm

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9
Q

Position sense fibers from the hindlimb pass through gracile traxt -> d. Nucleus of Clarke -> dorsal sc tract -> ________ -> ML -> thalamus

A

Nucleus of Z (of Brodal and Pompeiano)

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10
Q

Muscle spindles and golgi tendon organs pass through which ascending tracts?

A

Dorsal Spinocerebellar Tract: m spindle, g tendon

Ventral Spinocerebellar Tract - g tendon

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11
Q

Location & roles of Group 1a and Group 1b fibers

A

Group1a - muscle spindle - length, rate

Group1b - golgi tendon - tension

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12
Q

A-delta fibers innervate which laminae?

A

II, IV

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13
Q

C fibers innervate wc laminae?

A

I-III

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14
Q

Modality lamination of the spinothalamic tract

A

Anterior: pain

Posterior: thermal

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15
Q

In doing a cordotomy, what landmark does the surgeon use to look for the spinothalamic tract? How will he orient the knife?

A

Ligamentum denticulatum

Anterior

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16
Q

Which lamina is the modular center for pain?

A

Lamina II

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17
Q

The anterior spinothalamic tract projects to which laminae?

A

VI-VIII

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18
Q

Which laminae are wide dynamic range and respond to both mechano and nociceptors?

A

Laminae IV, V - wide dynamic range, noci and mechano

—

Lamina I - High threshold, nociceptive

Laminae VI-VII - low threshold, mechano

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19
Q

What are the neurotransmitters found in:

A) Substantia gelatinosa
B) Laminae I-III

A

S Gelatinosa: NE, Serotonin

Laminae I-III: Substance P, Somatostatin, Enkephalins

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20
Q

Excitatory or inhibitory?

Substance P
Enkephalins

A

Substance P: excitatory

Enkephalins: inhibitory

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21
Q

Based on Afifi, what percentage of corticospinal fibers

A) decussate onto the lateral CST: ____
B) do not decussate at the medulla -> ____?: _____
C) do not decussate at all -> ______?: ______

A

A) decussate -> LCST: 90%

B) don’t decussate at medulla -> ACST/ Turck’s Bundle: 8%

C) don’t decussate at all -> Barnes’ Bundle: 2%

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22
Q

What is the motor function of the rubrospinal tract?

A

Flexor MN

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23
Q

Where is the major output of the rubrospinal tract?

A

Inferior olive

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24
Q

What are the functions of the

LATERAL Vestibulospinal Tract
MEDIAL Vestibulospinal Tract

A

Lateral VST - Upright posture

Medial VST - head position

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25
What are the 4 findings in Horners and which structures are involved?
Ptosis - tarsal plate Anhidrosis - facial sweat glands Miosis - dilator pupillae Enophthalmos - retroorbital fat
26
What is the excitatory NT in the spinal cord?
Glutamate
27
NT of primary nociceptive and non-nociceptive afferents in the dorsal horn
Substance P
28
Neuropeptides are most abundant in the ___ horn ___ region
Dorsal horn | LS region
29
Location and function of Enkephalin, Somatostatin
Dorsal Horn Inhibit release of Substance P
30
In which spinal cord segments can you find VIP (vasoactive intestinal peptide)?
LS segments
31
Origin and function of norepinephrine in terms of activity in the dorsal horn?
Locus ceruleus Inhibits nociceptive activity in dorsal horn
32
Myotatic reflex: ``` Activates (m. spindle/golgi tendon)? Uses what fibers (1a/1b)? Terminates on (alpha/gamma MN)? ```
Muscle spindle / primary annulospiral endings 1a fibers Alpha MN
33
Inverse myotatic reflex: Activates? Uses what fibers? Terminates on?
Golgi tendon organ 1b fibers Inhibit alpha MN
34
Flexor reflex: Activates? Uses what fibers? Terminates on?
Pain receptors III fibers Activation of Ipsi flexor + inhibition of ipsi extensor MN
35
What are the sources (type/nerve) of efferent innervation of the urinary bladder?
Sympathetic - hypogastric n Parasympathetic - pelvic n Somatic - pudendal n
36
The artery of Adamkiewicz is found on which levels? And usually arises on which side?
T8-L4 LEFT side
37
What is the spinal cord segment responsible for the ff myotome? Biceps
C6
38
What is the spinal cord segment responsible for the ff myotome? Deltoid
C5
39
What is the spinal cord segment responsible for the ff myotome? Triceps
C7
40
What is the spinal cord segment responsible for the ff myotome? Quadriceps
L4
41
What is the spinal cord segment responsible for the ff myotome? Gastrocnemius
S1
42
What is the spinal cord segment responsible for the ff myotome? Extensor hallucis
L5
43
What is the spinal cord segment responsible for the ff myotome? Rectal sphincter
S3, S4
44
Function of the anterior spinothalamic tract
Light touch
45
Function of the spinocerebellar tracts
Unconscious proprioception
46
Function of the dorsal columns
Conscious proprioception
47
Function of Morin’s tract
Morin: Spinocervical thalamic tract Conscious proprioception
48
What innervates the detrusor muscle? A) Sympathetic (T11-L2) B) Parasympathetic (S2-S4) C) Somatic/Onuf (S2-S4)
B) Parasympathetic (S2-S4) Pelvic nerve
49
What innervates the internal urethral sphincter? A) Sympathetic (T11-L2) B) Parasympathetic (S2-S4) C) Somatic/Onuf (S2-S4)
A) Sympathetic (T11-L2) Hypogastric nerve
50
What innervates the external sphincter? A) Sympathetic (T11-L2) B) Parasympathetic (S2-S4) C) Somatic/Onuf (S2-S4)
C) Somatic/Onuf (S2-S4) Pudendal nerve
51
What is the dermatome of the following body landmark? Shoulder
C4
52
What is the dermatome of the following body landmark? Big toe
L4, L5
53
What is the dermatome of the following body landmark? Small toe
S1
54
Autonomic sympathetic neurons are found in which spinal cord segment/s?
Thoracic, upper lumbar
55
Autonomic parasympathetic neurons are found in which spinal cord segment/s?
Sacral
56
Autonomic innervation of the urinary bladder is related to nerve cells in which regions of the spinal cord?
Lower thoracic Upper lumbar Midsacral
57
Somatic innervation of the urinary bladder originates in?
Nucleus of Onufrowicz | Ventral horn of midsacral spinal cord
58
The junction zone between two types of tissue in the spinal cord is called
Obersteiner-Redlich space
59
The dorsal column is essential for? ``` A) Passively impressed stimulus B) Temporal or sequential stimulus C) Actively explored and manipulated D) All of the above E) B & C ```
E) B& C But it transmits all of the above.
60
Symptoms of conus medullaris syndrome
Early sphincter dysfunction: - Urinary incontinence - Loss of voluntary emptying of bladder - Increased residual urine volume - Absent sensation of urge to urinate Saddle anesthesia No motor deficit until S1-L5 roots are involved
61
Symptoms of cauda equina syndrome
Early occurrence of radicular pain LMN paresis Sensory loss L2-L4 LATE sphincter disturbance
62
What are the 3 parts of the Spinal Trigeminal Nucleus?
``` Nucleus Oralis (rostral to n. Interpolaris) Nucleus Interpolaris (rostral to obex) Caudal Nucleus (s. Gelatinosa - obex) ```
63
Which part of the Spinal Trigeminal Nucleus is responsible for Dental pain? A) Nucleus Oralis (rostral to n. Interpolaris) B) Nucleus Interpolaris (rostral to obex) C) Caudal Nucleus (s. Gelatinosa - obex)
B) Nucleus Interpolaris (rostral to obex)
64
Which part of the Spinal Trigeminal Nucleus is responsible for pain and temperature? A) Nucleus Oralis (rostral to n. Interpolaris) B) Nucleus Interpolaris (rostral to obex) C) Caudal Nucleus (s. Gelatinosa - obex)
C) Caudal Nucleus (s. Gelatinosa - obex)
65
Which part of the Spinal Trigeminal Nucleus is responsible for tactile sensations from the oral mucosa? A) Nucleus Oralis (rostral to n. Interpolaris) B) Nucleus Interpolaris (rostral to obex) C) Caudal Nucleus (s. Gelatinosa - obex)
A) Nucleus Oralis (rostral to n. Interpolaris)
66
The accessory cuneate nucleus is concerned with conscious or unconscious proprioception?
Unconscious It does NOT belong functionally to the dorsal column system (conscious proprio) It is part of the dorsal spinocerebellar system Fibers entering above c8 (upper border, Clarke) -> ACN
67
Stimulation of the accessory cuneate nucleus results in what systemic reaction?
Bradycardia *receives fibers from CN IX, X
68
What are the circumventricular organs?
SSOAP Na Me ``` Subfornical Subcommissural Organum vasculosum Area postrema Pineal gland Neurohypophysis Medial eminence ```
69
The following tracts are found in the juxtarestiform body EXCEPT: ``` A) Cerebellovestibular tract B) Vestibulocerebellar tract C) Cerebelloreticular tract D) Reticulocerebellar tract E) Cerebellospinal tract ```
D) Reticulocerebellar tract | - found in the restiform body
70
Restiform body A) Superior cerebellar peduncle B) Middle cerebellar peduncle C) Inferior cerebellar peduncle
C) Inferior cerebellar peduncle
71
Brachium conjunctivum A) Superior cerebellar peduncle B) Middle cerebellar peduncle C) Inferior cerebellar peduncle
A) Superior cerebellar peduncle
72
Brachium pontis A) Superior cerebellar peduncle B) Middle cerebellar peduncle C) Inferior cerebellar peduncle
B) Middle cerebellar peduncle
73
What are the perihypoglossal nuclei for?
Satellite nuclei aka n intercalatus, prepositus, Roller’s nucleus Related to EOMs
74
Which muscle, being affected in CN XII lesions, causes tongue weakness?
Genioglossus
75
INTRAmedullary lesion Affects: CN IX, X, XI, XII + contralateral hemiparesis
Jackson’s syndrome
76
Intra/extramedullary syndrome Affects IX, X, XII
Tapia’s syndrome
77
Where do the two roots of the accessory nerve arise from? What are the different functions of each root?
Spinal root - from accessory nucleus Cranial root - n. Ambiguus, caudal pole - Spinal root: SCM, traps Cranial root: larynx, intrinsic muscles
78
CN XI injury causes weakness when turning the head to the ipsilateral/opposite side?
Opposite
79
What are the 4 nuclei of the vagus nerve? 2 efferent 2 afferent
Efferent: DMN N ambiguus Afferent: N. Spinal tract N. Solitarius
80
The nucleus solitarius receives 2 types of visceral afferent fibers. What are they and where are they from?
SVA - taste - epiglottis GVA - visceral sensations, pha/larynx, trachea, esophagus, thoracic, abdominal
81
The glossopharyngeal nerve (IX), through the n ambiguus, supplies which muscle? Function?
``` Stylopharyngeus Elevates pharynx (swallowing, speech) ```
82
The inferior salivatory nucleus is innervated by the nucleus ambiguus through which nerve? A) CNX Vagus B) CNIX Glossopharyngeal C) CN XII Hypoglossal
B) CNIX Glossopharyngeal
83
Taste: Anterior 2/3 of the tongue Posterior 1/3 of the tongue Epiglottis
Anterior 2/3 of the tongue Facial nerve Posterior 1/3 of the tongue Glossopharyngeal nerve Epiglottis Vagus nerve
84
GVA: tactile, pain, thermal sensation of posterior 1/3 tongue, tonsils, eustachian tube
N. Solitarius via Glossopharyngeal nerve
85
What innervates the carotid body and sinus? CN, specific n
CN IX, carotid sinus nerve
86
Where is the pain found in Reichert syndrome? What is the trigger?
Reichert syndrome = glossopharyngeal neuralgia Throat, posterior tongue, ear Swallowing/tongue movements
87
The gustatory zone of the N. solitarius projects to which nucleus of the thalamus?
Ventral posterior medial nucleus
88
DORSAL respiratory group contains a) Inspiratory neurons b) Expiratory neurons c) Both and projects to?
DRG a) Inspiratory neurons Projects to the diaphragm (DD)
89
VENTRAL respiratory group contains a) Inspiratory neurons b) Expiratory neurons c) Both
VRG c) both Intercostal & abdominal muscles
90
Odine's curse is caused by a lesion in
N. ambiguus, adjacent RF
91
Neurogenic pulmonary edema is caused by lesions in
N. solitarius *hypothalamic, medullaryu sites
92
W/c swallowing group is responsible for trigger, shape, time sequential rhythmic or swallowing pattern a) Dorsal swallowing group (n. solitarius, RF) b) Ventral swallowing group (n. ambiguus)
a) Dorsal swallowing group (n. solitarius, RF)
93
W/c swallowing group is responsible for distributing swallowing drive to various motor neuronal pools involved in swallowing a) Dorsal swallowing group (n. solitarius, RF) b) Ventral swallowing group (n. ambiguus)
b) Ventral swallowing group (n. ambiguus)
94
In vomiting, the n. solitarius receives input from the following EXCEPT: a) Taste receptors (VII, IX, X) b) Parasympathetic (X) c) Sympathetic (splanchnic nerves) d) Intestine e) None (receives from all of the above)
e) None (receives from all of the above)
95
Yawning originates from?
Oxytocinergic neurons in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus * to the hippocampus, pons, medulla
96
The trapezoid body arises from
the cochlear nuclei
97
Destruction of ___% of the tegmentum causes LOC
>25%
98
Which is the largest subnuclei of the Nucleus locus ceruleus? a) Central b) Anterior c) Nucleus subceruleus d) Posterior and dorsal nucleus
a) Central
99
Cell loss in these portions of the locus nucleus locus ceruleus causes what diseases? a) Entire nucleus b) Rostral portion
a) Entire nucleus Parkinson's b) Rostral portion Alzheimer's Disease Down syndrome
100
The parabrachial nucleus has the following as its functions EXCEPT: a) Pain and temperature sensation b) Gustatory pathways c) Neuromelanin-containing d) Autonomic regulation
a) Pain and temperature sensation
101
The pedunculopontine nucleus has the following as its functions EXCEPT: a) Somatic motor & cognitive behaviors b) Sleep-wake arousal system c) Muscle coordination, oculomotor function d) Autonomic regulation
d) Autonomic regulation
102
Cochlear Nerve fibers are central processes of bipolar neurons in the _____ ganglion, located in the _____ of the inner ear Peripheral processes are linked to hair cells in _______
Spinal ganglion Modiolus of the inner ear the organ of Corti
103
Match: Dorsal cochlear n. a) Basal turns/high-frequency b) Apical turns/low-frequency c) Basal turns/low-frequency d) Apical turns/high-frequency
a) Basal turns/high-frequency
104
Match: Ventral cochlear n. a) Basal turns/high-frequency b) Apical turns/low-frequency c) Basal turns/low-frequency d) Apical turns/high-frequency
b) Apical turns/low-frequency
105
Trapezoid body a) Dorsal acoustic stria b) Ventral acoustic stria c) Intermediate acoustic stria
b) Ventral acoustic stria
106
Largest of the striae a) Dorsal acoustic stria b) Ventral acoustic stria c) Intermediate acoustic stria
b) Ventral acoustic stria
107
Ventral acoustic stria is formed by axons from the ____ cochelar nucleus a) Superior cochlear nucleus b) Inferior cochlear nucleus c) Dorsal cochlear nucleus
ANS: b) Inferior cochlear nucleus
108
Most important relay station in the ascending & descending auditory projections
Inferior colliculus
109
Nuclei of the lateral lemniscus are connected via ____ commissure
Probst's Commissure
110
Stimulation of the OC bundle / Efferent bundle of ______ activates/suppresses the receptivity of the organ of Corti and thus the activity in the auditory nerve
Efferent bundle of Rassmusen Suppresses
111
Organ of Corti, displacement of the basilar membrane... Toward the scala vestibuli Inhibition/Excitation Toward the scala tympani Inhibition/Excitation
Vestibuli: Inhibition Tympani: Excitation
112
Vestibular nerve fibers are central processes of bipolar cells in ______ ganglion
Scarpa's ganglion
113
Review: In which ganglia do you find central processes from the ff nerves? a) Cochlear nerve fibers b) Vestibular nerve fibers
a) Cochlear nerve fibers - SPINAL ganglion | b) Vestibular nerve fibers - SCARPA's ganglion
114
3 semicircular canals: angular/linear acceleration
ANGULAR
115
Utricle & saccule: angular/linear acceleration
LINEAR LINUS
116
Scarpa's Ganglion: Receives fibers from anterior & horizontal semicircular canals, utricle, saccule Superior or Inferior?
Superior * superior: anterior, horizontal SCC, utricle, saccule inferior: posterior SCC, saccule
117
Match the vestibular nuclei w/ their eponyms Medial, Lateral, Superior, Inferior Bechterew's Deiter's Principal/Schwalbe's Spinal
Medial: Principal/Schwalbe's Lateral: Deiter's Superior: Bechterew's Inferior: Spinal Martin Luther's School of Informatics Principal Deiter's Screwed (bechterewed) Spine Med Principal Late Deit Superior Bech Inferior Spinal
118
Nystagmus. Where would you see the slow component? Fast component? Turning to the right in a barany chair Pouring warm water in the right ear
Slow: left Fast: right
119
Bilateral stimulation: Anterior SCC Posterior SCC Upward or downward movement?
Anterior SCC: upward Posterior SCC: downward Pushed from the front -> fall back, looking up the sky and vice versa
120
Sensory & gustatory fibers + visceral motor component = separate lateral root of the facial nerve =
Nervus Intermedius / Wrisberg's Nerve
121
The following muscles are supplied by the facial nerve EXCEPT: a) Stapedius b) Stylohyoid c) Muscles of facial expression d) Anterior belly of the digastric muscle
d) Anterior belly of the digastric muscle Posterior belly
122
Crocodile tears results from a CN VII lesion proximal/distal to the geniculate ganglion.
Proximal to the geniculate ganglion
123
True or false. Lesions of the abducens NUCLEUS result in paralysis of ABDUCTION.
False. Lesions of abducens nucleus (vs nerve) do NOT result in paralysis of abduction, instead is by failure of ipsilateral horizontal gaze! Abd. nerve: diplopia Abd. nucleus: impaired horizontal gaze
124
Portio minor: afferent/efferent?
Portio minor: efferent Portio major: afferent
125
What innervates the Digastric's a) ANTERIOR belly b) POSTERIOR belly
Anterior: CN V Posterior: CN VII
126
Proprioceptive fibers conveying pressure and kinesthesia from teeth, periodontium, hard palate, and muscles of mastication originate from which nucleus of CNV?
Mesencephalic Nucleus of CN V
127
The general somatic sensory fibers that convey pain, temperature, touch sensations from the face, anterior aspect of the head originate from which ganglion?
Semilunar (Gasserian) Ganglion
128
Review: match Parts of the CN V's Spinal nucleus: Oral, Interpolar, Caudal A) Tactile sensibility from oral mucosa B) Dental pain C) Pain & temp from face
A) Tactile sensibility from oral mucosa - Oral B) Dental pain - Interpolar C) Pain & temp from face - Caudal
129
Trigeminothalamic fibers: Origin? Termination?
Origin: Interpolaris of spinal nucleus, Main sensory nucleus of CNV Termination: VPM
130
Trigeminal reflexes (partners/collaterals): Vomiting reflex
Vagus, DMN
131
Trigeminal reflexes (partners/collaterals): Sneezing reflex
Nucleus ambiguus, RF respiratory center, spinal cord
132
Trigeminal reflexes (partners/collaterals): Tearing reflex, tears in response to corneal irritation
Superior salivatory nucleus
133
The efferent root of the Trigeminal Nerve supplies WHICH of the following muscles? A) Tensor tympani, tensor palati B) Stylohyoid C) Posterior belly of the digastric D) Stapedius
A) Tensor tympani, tensor palati * MYLOhyoid * ANTERIOR belly of the digastric. Stapedius - facial nerve
134
What are the 4 nuclei of the Trigeminal Nerve?
Efferent: Motor nucleus Afferent: Mesencephalic, Sensory, Spinal nuclei
135
As per Afifi, the Basis Pedunculi is composed of? (2)
``` Cerebral Peduncle (Crus Cerebri) Substantia Nigra ```
136
Match the divisions of the inferior colliculus with their functions: Central, Pericentral, External Nuclei A) Major relay nucleus (auditory pathway) B) Acousticomotor reflexes C) Directs auditory attention, receives contralateral monoaural input
A) Major relay nucleus (auditory pathway) - CENTRAL B) Acousticomotor reflexes - EXTERNAL C) Directs auditory attention, receives contralateral monoaural input - PERICENTRAL
137
Location - ____ to the MLF in the central gray matter - Close proximity to the dorsal raphe nucleus Connections - Receives fibers from interpeduncular nucleus - Projects on autonomic nuclei (RF) A) Central Tegmental Nucleus B) Lateral Tegmental Nucleus C) Ventral Tegmental Nucleus D) Dorsal Tegmental Nucleus
D) Dorsal Tegmental Nucleus
138
□ Location ___ to the MLF in the tegmentum Connections - Receives fibers from the mamillary bodies A) Central Tegmental Nucleus B) Lateral Tegmental Nucleus C) Ventral Tegmental Nucleus D) Dorsal Tegmental Nucleus
C) Ventral Tegmental Nucleus
139
Affected in patients with progressive supranuclear palsy A) Lateral Ventral Tegmental Nucleus B) Lateral Dorsal Tegmental Nucleus C) Medial Ventral Tegmental Nucleus D) Medial Dorsal Tegmental Nucleus
B) Lateral Dorsal Tegmental Nuclei & Pedunculopontine Nuclei
140
Where is the Dorsal Raphe Nucleus located?
(Nucleus Supratrochlearis) Periaqueductal gray matter, VENTRAL part Between trochlear nuclei
141
Where is the Locus Ceruleus (Nucleus Pigmentosus) located?
Rostral Pons Caudal Mesencephalon At the level of IC: edge of central GM
142
The following are functions of the Locus Ceruleus EXCEPT A) Provides noradrenergic innervation to most CNS regions B) Urinary bladder control C) Regulation of respiration D) REM stage of sleep
B) Urinary bladder control
143
What are the 2 zones of the substantia nigra and what elements can you find in each of them?
Dorsal Zona Compacta: MELANIN Ventral Zona Reticulata: IRON
144
What neurotransmitters are produced by the following neurons of the Substantia Nigra? a) Pigmented n b) Nonpigmented n
a) Pigmented n - DOPAMINE | b) Nonpigmented n - CHOLINERGIC or GABAERGIC
145
This substantia nigra tract's involvement in parkinsonism may explain akinesia. It goes to the limbic cortex via _____
Nigrocortical tract Midbrain forebrain bundle
146
In the Nigrothalamic tract I. What kind of output is produced? II. The pars reticulata connects to the following thalamic nuclei EXCEPT: a) Ventral anterior b) Ventral posterior c) Ventral lateral d) Dorsomedial
I. GABAergic II. b) Ventral posterior It connects to the ventral anterior, ventral lateral, dorsomedial nuclei
147
What are the 3 main mesencephalic dopaminergic cell groups?
SN Pars Compacta SN Pars Dorsalis Ventral Tegmental Area of Tsai
148
Most prominent dopamine cell group of the ventral tegmental area?
Nucleus parabrachialis pigmentosus
149
Name the clinical conditions associated with: MESOSTRIATAL Hypoactivity - Hyperactivity MESOALLOCORTICAL Hypoactivity - Hyperactivity -
MESOSTRIATAL Hypoactivity - Parkinsonism Hyperactivity - Huntington's MESOALLOCORTICAL Hypoactivity - Cognitive sx, Parkinsons Hyperactivity - Psychosis
150
Upper retinal quadrants of the contralateral visual field are found in which part of the superior colliculus? Medial/Lateral
Medial SC - UPPER retinal quadrants Lateral SC - LOWER retinal quadrants
151
Central VF fibers are found in which part of the superior colliculus? Caudal/Rostral
Rostral - CENTRAL Caudal - PERIPHERAL
152
The Tectothalamic tract projects onto the following EXCEPT: a) Ventral medial nucleus b) Lateral posterior nucleus c) LGN d) Pulvinar
a) Ventral medial nucleus
153
What are the parts of the Red Nucleus?
Rostral - PARVIcellular (small) Caudal - MAGNIcellular
154
The Mollaret's Triangle is bounded by?
Red Nucleus Inferior Olive Dentate Nucleus
155
Lesions in the Mollaret's Triangle causes what symptom?
Palatal Myoclonus
156
The Edinger Westphal nucleus is found in which 1/3 of the oculomotor nucleus? (rostral/middle/caudal)
Ans: Rostral Third Rostra: EW, IR, SR Middle: IR, SR Caudal - All except EW
157
Which nucleus is responsible for accommodation?
Perlia's Nucleus
158
Location: Dorsomedial to the red nucleus Rostral to CN III Ventral to periaqueductal gray matter Function: Burst neurons that fire w/ vertical eye movements A) Interstitial Nucleus of Cajal B) Rostral Interstitial Nucleus of the MLF C) Darkschewitsch's Nucleus D) Nucleus of the Posterior Commissure
B) Rostral Interstitial Nucleus of the MLF
159
Location: Dorsolateral to the somatic motor cell column (CN III) Connection: Nuclei of the posterior commissure A) Interstitial Nucleus of Cajal B) Rostral Interstitial Nucleus of the MLF C) Darkschewitsch's Nucleus D) Nucleus of the Posterior Commissure
C) Darkschewitsch's Nucleus
160
Lcocation: Rostral to EW nucleus Caudal to RiMLF Function: Integration of vertical gaze Eye-head coordination A) Interstitial Nucleus of Cajal B) Rostral Interstitial Nucleus of the MLF C) Darkschewitsch's Nucleus D) Nucleus of the Posterior Commissure
A) Interstitial Nucleus of Cajal
161
Light Reflex Pathway
Afferent: Retina via optic tract -> pretectal area Pretectal via p. commissure -> EW Efferent: EW via PS preG -> Orbit Orbit -> Ciliary Ganglion C. Ganglion via PostG short ciliary nerves -> Sphincter Pupillae, Ciliaris
162
Accommodation-Convergence Reflex
Afferent: Retina -> Occipital Cortex Efferent: Cortex -> pretectal n./superior colliculus -> Occulomotor cortex
163
Argyll Robertson Pupil
Light reflex lost, accommodation-convergence reflex intact
164
Adie's pupil
Widely dilated pupil Sluggish, prolonged pupillary contraction in reaction to light Affected pupil larger than the normal pupil. In darkness, it may be smaller (normal pupil can dilate freely) Shows more definite response to accommodation Pathology in the ciliary ganglion (within the orbit). Redirection of regenerating parasympathetic fibers
165
Marcus Gunn
Paradoxical dilatation of both pupils when light is on symptomatic eye
166
Roles of posterior commissure (2)
vertical eye movements, lid movement
167
What are the excitatory NTs used in Corticothalamic & cerebellar terminals Thalamocortical projection neurons
Glutamate Aspartate
168
Match Medial Geniculate Nucleus, Lateral Geniculate Nucleus Sublenticular / Retrolenticular
MGN - Sublenticular LGN - Retrolenticular
169
How are the motor fibers somatotopically arranged in the internal capsule? Genu Posterior Limb
Genu - corticobulbar Posterior limb anterior - upper ex middle - trunk posterior - lower ex
170
Blood supply, thalamus: Medial a) PCA, paramedian b) PCA, geniculothalamic c) Pcomm, tuberothalamic d) ICA, anterior choroidal
a) PCA, paramedian
171
Blood supply, thalamus: Lateral a) PCA, paramedian b) PCA, geniculothalamic c) Pcomm, tuberothalamic d) ICA, anterior choroidal
d) ICA, anterior choroidal
172
Blood supply, thalamus: Anterolateral a) PCA, paramedian b) PCA, geniculothalamic c) Pcomm, tuberothalamic d) ICA, anterior choroidal
c) Pcomm, tuberothalamic
173
Blood supply, thalamus: Posterolateral a) PCA, paramedian b) PCA, geniculothalamic c) Pcomm, tuberothalamic d) ICA, anterior choroidal
b) PCA, geniculothalamic
174
Blood supply, thalamus: Dejerine-Roussy Syndrome a) PCA, paramedian b) PCA, geniculothalamic c) Pcomm, tuberothalamic d) ICA, anterior choroidal
b) PCA, geniculothalamic
175
Blood supply, internal capsule: ``` Genu Posterior limb (bulk) Posterior limb (caudal) ```
``` Genu - MCA, ICA Posterior limb (bulk) - MCA Posterior limb (caudal) - anterior choroidal ```
176
Aching, burning pain is carried by __ fibers and terminates in the _____
C-fibers Thalamus ABCT
177
Pricking, well localized pain is carried by __ fibers and terminates in the _____
A-fibers Cortex PLAC
178
Tremorogenic center of the thalamus
Ventral Lateral Nucleus
179
Which of these nuclei project to the anterior cingulate cortex? a) VPL, VPM b) Ventral Posterior Inferior c) Dorsomedial
c) Dorsomedial * a) VPL, VPM - somatosensory c b) Ventral Posterior Inferior - secondary ss c
180
Match: Type of pain per area of the thalamus a) VPL, VPM b) VPI c) Intralaminar, dorsomedial 1. Nociceptive 2. Tactile 3. Central, affective motivational aspect
a) VPL, VPM - tactile b) VPI - nociceptive c) Intralaminar, dorsomedial - central, affective
181
Match: Fields of Forel Lenticular Fasciculus Prerubral Field Thalamic fasciculus H field H1 field H2 field
Lenticular Fasciculus - H2 Prerubral Field - H Thalamic fasciculus - H1
182
Localization of the brainstem clumsy-hand dysarthria syndrome
Junction: upper 1/3 and lower 2/3 of PONS
183
The two thalami are connected via
Interthalamic Adhesion aka Massa Intermedia
184
Habenular nuclei Function? Connection? Tract?
Emotion, behavior - limbic system Efferent: Interpeduncular nucleus (midbrain) via habenulo-interpeduncular tract or fasciculus retroflexus of Meynert
185
When does the pineal gland calcify?
After the age of 16
186
What are the functions of the pineal gland?
Gonadal (inhibitory) - pinealoma -> delayed puberty - destruction of p gland -> precocious puberty Circadian rhythm - synthesizes MELATONIN from SEROTONIN
187
Anterior nuclear group of the thalamus is connected to (2)? Via?
Mamillary bodies, hypothalamus - via mamillothalamic tract of Vicq d'Azyr Cingulate gyrus - via anterior limb, IC
188
Damage to mamillothalamic tract impairs what kind of memory?
Episodic long-term memory
189
Which nucleus of the dorsal subgroup acts functionally as a part of the anterior group? a) Lateral posterior nucleus b) Lateral dorsal nucleus c) Pulvinar nucleus
b) Lateral dorsal nucleus
190
The following are functions of the Pulvinar-Lateral Posterior Complex EXCEPT: a) Relay station between subcortical visual centers & association centers b) Selective visual attention c) Pain mechanisms d) Proprioceptive mechanisms
d) Proprioceptive mechanisms
191
The deep cerebellar nuclei project exclusively to which thalamic nuclei?
Ventral Lateral Nuclei
192
In the ventral posterior nucleus, the following parts receive fibers from? a) VPM from ____ b) VPL from ___
VPM from Trigeminal lemniscus, taste fibers VPL from Medial lemniscus, spinothalamic tracts
193
Axons do not leave the thalamus in this particular thalamic nucleus
Reticular nuclei
194
What composes: Striatum Corpus striatum Lentiform nucleus
Striatum: Caudate + Putamen Corpus striatum: Caudate + Putamen + GP Lentiform: Putamen: GP
195
What are the types of neostriatal neurons and what NT do they contain?
SPINY (majority) GABA ASPINY Large: Cholinergic Small: GABAergic
196
Spiny projection neurons & the large cholinergic aspiny interneurons are lost in this condition
Huntington's Chorea
197
How does parkinsons affect the dopamine receptors?
D1 - reduced | D2 - increased
198
What are the main NTs of the following? Striatum STN GP
Striatum - GABA STN - Glutamate GP - GABA
199
Match to their striatal territories: Sensorimotor Associative Limbic 1. Pre-commissured putamen, Caudate 2. Post-commissural putamen 3. N. accumbens
Sensorimotor: post-commissural putamen Associative: precomm, caudate Limbic: n. accumbens
200
Principal mesencephalostriate projection originates from? a) SN pars compacta b) SN pars dorsalis c) Ventral tegmental area of Tsai
a) SN pars compacta
201
Dopamine receptors: (+)/(-)? Project to? Contribute to w/c pathway? D1 D2
D1 - (+), GPi, SNPr - DIRECT D2- (-), GPe, INDIRECT
202
What are the two routes of the Fields of Forel? Also, name H, H1, H2 fields.
R1 (traverse IC) Dorsal to STN = Lenticular Fasciculus, H2 R2 (around IC) Ansa lenticularis Both: combine to make prerubral field, H field ``` H field joins thalamic fasciculus = H1 --- H = Prerubral field H1 = Thalamic Fasciculus H2 = Lenticular Fasciculus ```
203
Context encoder a) Basal ganglia b) Cerebellum
Basal ganglia
204
Pattern generator and executor a) Basal ganglia b) Cerebellum
Cerebellum
205
The artery of Heubner supplies which part of the basal ganglia?
aka Medial striate artery Caudate Head, rostromedial
206
Blood supply of the thalamus...
Rostrally: MCA, ACA (lateral and medial striate branches respectfully) Caudally: ICA, anterior choroidal
207
``` Blood supply: Caudate Tail, Caudal Putamen Globus pallidus (majority of) ```
ICA, Anterior Choroidal
208
Blood supply: Striatum | GP, lateral
MCA, Lateral striate
209
The cerebellum develops from the?
Rhombic lip
210
What are the deep cerebellar nuclei? (lateral to medial)
Dentate Emboliform Globose Fastigial
211
Functional divisions of the cerebellum? Lobe-Phylogenic-Functional-Role FLOCCULONODULAR
FLOCCULONODULAR Archicerebellum Vestibulocerebellum Vestibular & Reticular Nuclei Control of body equilibrium & eye movement FAV!
212
Functional divisions of the cerebellum? Lobe-Phylogenic-Functional-Role ANTERIOR
ANTERIOR Paleocerebellum Spinocerebellum Spinal Cord Muscle tone Axial & limb movements
213
Functional divisions of the cerebellum? Lobe-Phylogenic-Functional-Role POSTERIOR
POSTERIOR Neocerebellum Cerebrocerebellum Cerebral Cortex Planning, initiation, regulation of movements
214
Which is the phylogenetically oldest lobe? a) Anterior b) Posterior c) Flocculonodular
c) Flocculonodular - Archicerebellum
215
What cells are found in the: a. Molecular layer b. Purkinje cell layer c. Granule cell layer
a. Molecular layer - basket and stellate cells b. Purkinje cell layer - purkinje cell c. Granule cell layer - granule and golgi cells
216
Principal neuron of the cerebellum
Purkinje cells
217
What is the only cerebellar neuron that sends axons outside the cerebellum
Purkinje
218
What is a cerebellar glomerulus?
Site of synaptic contact between incoming cerebellar fibers (mossy) and processes of neurons within the granule cell layer
219
Where are the following cells found? Basket cell Stellate cell Granule cell
Basket cell - molecular, deep Stellate cell - molecular, superficial and deep Granule cell - granule -> purkinje, molecular
220
What type of cerebellar cell has dendrites and axons that contribute to cerebellar glomeruli?
Golgi Type II Cell
221
What is the major component of the climbing fiber system?
Olivocerebellar tract
222
The output of the deep cerebellar nuclei to extracerebellar targets is the product of excitatory input from ____ inhibitory projections from ____
excitatory input from climbing and mossy fibers inhibitory projections from Purkinje cells
223
Inhibited rows, by silencing surrounding activity, help the process of _______ within the activated row of PC
Neural sharpening
224
Basket & stellate excite/inhibit PC!
inhibit
225
Which is the only EXCITATORY cell in the cerebellar cortex?
Granule cell
226
Which cerebellar nuclei project to the thalamus? a) Fastigial b) Interposed (emboliform, globose) c) Dentate d) A&B e) B&C f) All of the above (a-c)
e) B&C * Interposed + Dentate -> thalamus Fastigial -> vestibular, reticular n. Interposed -> red nucleus, ION
227
Which deep cerebellar nucleus resembles the inferior olive in configuration?
Dentate
228
Which deep cerebellar nucleus is considered the "roof nucleus"?
Fastigial
229
Which of the following does NOT travel via the superior cerebellar peduncle? a) Dentate b) Emboliform c) Globose d) Fastigial
d) Fastigial
230
Excitatory or inhibitory output? To the cerebellum: a. Mossy & climbing fibers b. Cerebellar cortex (purkinje) - - c. Output of deep cerebellar nuclei
INPUT (to the cerebellum) a. Mossy & climbing fibers - EXCITATORY b. Cerebellar cortex (purkinje) - INHIBITORY -- OUTPUT c. Output of deep cerebellar nuclei - EXCITATORY
231
Match the NTs w/ the DCN: ``` GABA Glutamate Acetylcholine Taurine Glycine, enkephalin, somatostatin ``` a) Superficial stellate cells b) Granule cells, climbing, mossy fibers c) Granule cells, Golgi cells, mossy fibers d) Purkinje, basket, Golgi e) Golgi
GABA - d) Purkinje, basket, Golgi Glutamate - b) Granule cells, climbing, mossy fibers Acetylcholine - c) Granule cells, Golgi cells, mossy fibers Taurine - a) Superficial stellate cells Glycine, enkephalin, somatostatin - e) Golgi IMPT: Taurine: SCC Glutamate: Climbing
232
Stimulation of the following elicits what response in the Purkinje cell? a) Mossy fiber system / Parallel Fibers (granule cells) b) Climbing fiber system
a) Mossy fiber system / Parallel Fibers (granule cells) - SIMPLE spike b) Climbing fiber system - COMPLEX spike
233
What is the Holmes motor triad?
Asthenia Ataxia Atonia
234
Which cerebellar nuclei are responsible for a. Horizontal saccades b. Vertical saccades
Horizontal - Fastigial Vertical - Interpositus
235
Which cerebellar nuclei are responsible for a. Initiation of smooth pursuit b. Maintenance of smooth pursuit
Initiation - fastigial Maintenance - Floccu/paraflocculus
236
Which deep cerebellar nucleus serves a modulatory role for emotional reactions
Fastigial
237
What are the thickest and thinnest parts of the cortex?
Thickest: Primary motor area (4.5mm) Thinnest: primary visual (1.5mm)
238
90% of the cerebral cortex in humans is made up of a) Isocortex b) Allocortex c) Mesocortex
a) Isocortex
239
What are the largest principal neurons? Where are these found?
Giant Pyramidal Cells of Betz (100um) Layer V
240
Only type of excitatory interneurons in the cortex
Stellate/Granule neurons
241
Where are the following interneurons found? a) Stellate/granule b) Horizontal cells of Cajal c) Cells of Martinotti
Layer I - Horizontal Cells of Cajal Layer IV - Stellate / Granule Cells Deeper cortical laminae: Cells of Martinotti
242
What are the cytoarchitectonic names of the cortical layers?
I - Molecular II - External granular III - External pyramidal (stripes of Kaes-Bekhterev) IV - Internal granular (Ext Baillarger/Stripe of Gennari) V- Internal pyramidal (Int Baillarger VI - Multiform
243
Cell packing density lowest among cortical layers
Layer V
244
What kind of monoaminergic cortical input contributes to the ff? Higher-order information State of arousal Enhance selectivity of cortical responses
Noradrenergic input
245
Cortical GABAergic input originates in the septal cells and _____
Diagonal Band of Broca
246
Which of the following association fibers includes the arcuate fasciculus? a) Cingulum b) Superior longitudinal fasciculus c) Inferior longitudinal fasciculus d) Occipitofrontal
b) Superior longitudinal fasciculus
247
Primary visual area
Calcarine gyrus (occipital lobe)
248
Primary auditory area
Transverse Gyri of Heschl (temporal)
249
Primary gustatory area
Postcentral gyrus (parietal)
250
Primary olfactory area
Piriform, periamygdaloid regions (temporal)
251
Primary vestibular area
Temporal
252
Pseudothalamic pain syndrome localizes to which cortical area?
Secondary Somesthetic Area
253
"Where" and "what" pathways ___ stream ___ lobe Clinical consequence?
WHERE Dorsal stream Parietal lobe Balint-Holmes syndrome WHAT Ventral stream Temporal lobe Visual agnosia
254
A lesion in this BA results in prosopagnosia
BA 37
255
Cortical area that functions in the INITIATION of highly skilled fine movements a) Primary motor area b) Supplementary motor area c) Premotor area
a) Primary motor area
256
Crucial in the temporal organization of movement, especially in sequential performance of multiple movements, and in motor tasks that demand retrieval of motor memory. a) Primary motor area b) Supplementary motor area c) Premotor area
b) Supplementary motor area
257
Concerned with voluntary motor function dependent on sensory inputs (visual, auditory, somatosensory). Stimulation causes stereotyped gross movement that requires coordination among many muscles, such as turning movements of the head, eyes, and trunk toward the opposite side, elevation of the arm, elbow flexion, and pronation of the hand. a) Primary motor area b) Supplementary motor area c) Premotor area
c) Premotor area
258
Cortical area responsible for reflexive, visually guided saccades a) Frontal eye field b) Supplementary eye field c) Posterior parietal eye field
c) Posterior parietal eye field
259
Cortical area responsible for intentional/voluntary saccades a) Frontal eye field b) Supplementary eye field c) Posterior parietal eye field
a) Frontal eye field
260
Cortical area responsible for spatiotopic saccades a) Frontal eye field b) Supplementary eye field c) Posterior parietal eye field
b) Supplementary eye field
261
The parallel fiber system originates from which cerebellar cells?
Granule Cells
262
What is the CENTRAL ELEMENT of the cerebellar glomerulus?
Mossy fiber axon terminal
263
Stimulates the largest number of cells to be activated by a single afferent fiber a) Climbing fiber system b) Mossy fiber system c) Multilayered fiber system
b) Mossy fiber system | * They maintain constant background discharge*
264
Which cerebellar cell uses Taurine as an NT? Is Taurine excitatory or inhibitory?
Superficial Stellate Cells Taurine: Inhibitory
265
Serotonergic cortical input courses through which tract/bundle?
Medial Forebrain Bundle
266
Which thalamic nucleus has reciprocal connections with the Cingulate Cortex?
Anterior Thalamic Nucleus
267
Which thalamic nucleus has reciprocal connections with the Prefrontal Cortex?
Dorsomedial Thalamic Nucleus
268
Striatal SPINY neurons contain which NTs?
GABA | Taurine
269
Lesions in the DLPFC loop result in impairment of what kind of memory?
Spatial memory
270
Lesions in the LATERAL orbitofrontal circuit result in?
Obsessive-Compulsive behavior
271
What is the "head ganglion" of the autonomic nervous system? | Adams
Hypothalamus
272
Hypothalamic blood supply: Anterior lobe Posterior lobe
Anterior lobe SUPERIOR hypophyseal artery (ICA) Posterior lobe INFERIOR hypophyseal artery (ICA)

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