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🧠📖💯 > HY PAQs > Flashcards

HY PAQs Flashcards

1
Q

Name the ganglion and location:

CNV

A

Gasserian Ganglion

Meckel’s Cave

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2
Q

Name the ganglion and location:

CN VII

A

Geniculate Ganglion

CNVII Genu

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3
Q

Name the ganglion and location:

CN VIII : Cochlear

A

Spinal Ganglion

Cochlea, modiolus

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4
Q

Name the ganglion and location:

CN VIII, Vestibular

A

Scarpa’s Ganglion

IAM

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5
Q

Name the phylogenic and functional counterparts of:

Flocculonodular lobe
Anterior lobe
Posterior lobe

A

FLOCCULONODULAR
Archicerebellum
Vestibullocerebellum

ANTERIOR
Paleocerebellum
Spinocerebellum

POSTERIOR
Neocerebellum
Cerebrocerebellum

FAV ni APS si PNC

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6
Q

What is responsible for detection of:

ANGULAR acceleration?
LINEAR acceleration?

A

Angular: Semicircular canals

Linear: Utricle and Saccule

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7
Q

What is responsible for detection of:

Horizontal head movement?
Vertical head movement?

A

Horizontal: Utricle

Vertical: Saccule

HUVS

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8
Q

Which nucleus of CNV is responsible for proprioception?

a) Mesencephalic Nucleus
b) Spinal Nucleus
c) Main sensory nucleus

A

a) Mesencephalic Nucleus

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9
Q

What are the three subnuclei of the spinal tract of CNV? Their functions?

A

ORAL
tactile, oral mucosa

INTERPOLAR
Dental pain - trigeminothalamic also

CAUDAL
pain and temp, face

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10
Q

Globus pallidus lesions in encephalopathy due to? (2)

A

Carbon Monoxide

Hepatic Encephalopathy (MANGANESE) deposition

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11
Q

Physiologic counterpart of the afterslow wave in the EEG?

A

Hyperpolarization

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12
Q

Astrocytoma variants?

A

Fibrillary / Protoplasmic (MC)
Gemistocytic
Pilocytic
Mixed (astro-odg)

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13
Q

Location on the fourth ventricle:

Medullo vs ependymoma

A

ROOF: Medulloblastoma

FLOOR: Ependymoma

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14
Q

Cowdry Type A inclusions seen in?

A

CMV
Herpes
Measles
Polio

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15
Q

N-Type and P/Q type Ca channel inhibitor?

A

Lamotrigine

T-TYPE
Ethosuximide, Zonisamide, Valproate

N-TYPE
Lamotrigine, Levetiracetam

P/Q TYPE
Lamotrigine

ALPHA2-DELTA1
Pregabalin, Gabapentin

HVA-OTHERS
Phenobarbital, Felbamate, Topiramate

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16
Q

Utilizes SLOW inactivation NA channels

A

Lacosamide

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17
Q

Decrease dabigatran levels (2)

A

Carbamazepine

Pheny/Fosphenytoin

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18
Q

What are found in the stages of sleep?

A

N1 - Theta at least 50%
N2 - Theta, Sleep spindles, K-comp
N3 - Delta at least 20%
REM - desynchronized, low volt, high freq

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19
Q

Duration of sleep cycle

Newborn
Adults

A

NB: 60 mins
Adult: 90-100 mins

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20
Q

Longest duration among sleep stages in adults?

A

N2 (50-60%)

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21
Q

Damage -> pathologic wakefulness, virtual absence of sleep

Awake state maintained by monoaminergic activity (locus ceruleus, tuberomamillary nucleus, and raphe nuclei) that inhibits ____

A

Ventrolateral Preoptic Nucleus, Hypothalamus

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22
Q

What do orexin neurons do?

A

Prevent rapid transitions (awake -> sleep)

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23
Q

What ions/ionic channels do the following receptors influence?

NMDA receptor
GABA-A receptor
GABA-B receptor

A

NMDA receptor - CALCIUM

GABAa - CHLORIDE

GABAb - POTASSIUM

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24
Q

Binding of these two are needed for opening of the NMDA receptor

A

Glutamate

Glycine

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25
Q

Derivation of the following NTs

GABA
Glutamate
Monoamines (NE, Ep, DA)
Serotonin
Acetylcholine
A 
GABA - Glutamate (Vit B6 dependent)
Glutamate - a-ketoglutarate (via Krebs)
Monoamines - Tyrosine
Serotonin - Tryptophan
Acetylcholine - acetyl CoA + Choline
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26
Q

Proteins in CSF:

Lumbar Spine
Basal Cisterns
Ventricles

A

In mg/dL:

Lumbar spine: 45-50

Basal cisterns: 10-25

Ventricles: 5-15

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27
Q

Traumatic tap:

WBC/RBC ratio

A

1-2 WBC / 1,000 RBCs

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28
Q

Detected only in CSF

A

Beta 2 transferrin - Tau

Most sensitive test to determine CSF leak!

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29
Q

Elevated 14-3-3 protein is indicative of?

A

Prion disease

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30
Q

MRS proteins indicative of

A) Neuronal integrity
B) Membrane turnover

A

A) Neuronal integrity - NAA

B) Membrane turnover - Cho

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31
Q

Adams:

Appearance of alpha rhythm
Reaching of adult frequency

A

Alpha: 6 years

Adult frequency: 10-12 yo

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32
Q

Duration

Spike
Sharp

A

Spike: 20-70 ms

Sharp: 70-200 ms

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33
Q

Primary NTs

PREganglionic synapses

a) Sympathetic
b) Parasympathetic

A

Primary NTs

PREganglionic synapses

a) Sympathetic - ACh
b) Parasympathetic - ACh

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34
Q

Primary NTs

POSTganglionic synapses

a) Sympathetic
b) Parasympathetic

A

Primary NTs

POSTganglionic synapses

a) Sympathetic - NE
* * Except sweat glands: ACh

b) Parasympathetic - ACh

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35
Q

MC site of vertebral artery dissection

A

C1-C2
or
V2-V3 segment of the VA

V1 Origin - C6
V2 C6-C2
V3 Atlantic
V4 Intradural

36
Q

DSA phase where you can visualize the AVM nidus

A

Late arterial phase

**
Early arterial - feeding arteries
Late arterial - nidus
Capillary - draining veins and sinuses

37
Q

[SSP]

Treatment for AVMs:

a) SM I-II
b) SM III
c) SM IV-V

A

SM I-II
Excision

SM III
Microsurgery/SRS + embo

SM IV-V
Conservative

38
Q

Complete lissencephaly / Miller-Dieker syndrome:

a) LIS1 gene
b) DCX gene, double cortin protein
c) A/w walker-warburg, muscle-eye-brain disease, FKMD

A

ANS: a) LIS1 gene

  • DCX gene, double cortin protein - X-linked
  • A/w walker-warburg, muscle-eye-brain disease, FKMD - Type II/ Cobblestone
39
Q

Few or no gyri

a) Schizencephaly
b) Lissencephaly
c) Pachygyria
d) Polymicrogyria
e) Heterotopias

A

b) Lissencephaly

40
Q

Clefts bet. Ventricles and SA space lined w/ gray matter

a) Schizencephaly
b) Lissencephaly
c) Pachygyria
d) Polymicrogyria
e) Heterotopias

A

a) Schizencephaly

41
Q

Few broad, thick gyri

a) Schizencephaly
b) Lissencephaly
c) Pachygyria
d) Polymicrogyria
e) Heterotopias

A

c) Pachygyria

42
Q

Rests of neurons in WM 2/2 arrested radial migration

a) Schizencephaly
b) Lissencephaly
c) Pachygyria
d) Polymicrogyria
e) Heterotopias

A

e) Heterotopias

43
Q

Small gyri

a) Schizencephaly
b) Lissencephaly
c) Pachygyria
d) Polymicrogyria
e) Heterotopias

A

d) Polymicrogyria

44
Q

Paroxysmal NON-kinesigenic dyskinesia

Genetics?

A

DYT 8, 20

MR1

45
Q

Paroxysmal KINESIgenic dyskinesia

Genetics?

A

DYT 10

PRRT2

46
Q

Most sensitive and specific for Wegener’s Granulomatosis

A

cANCA

47
Q

ANCA-associated Vasculitis, granuloma, (+) asthma and eosinophilia

A

Churg-Strauss

Wegener’s: NO asthma and eosinophilia

Microscopic polyangitis: NO granuloma, asthma, and eosinophilia

48
Q

Adenopathy
Optic neuritis, focal vasculitis

a) M. Pneumoniae
b) Listeria
c) Melioidosis
d) Legionella
e) Bartonella
f) Anthrax
g) Brucellosis
h) Whipple

A

e) Bartonella

49
Q

Osteomyelitis

a) M. Pneumoniae
b) Listeria
c) Melioidosis
d) Legionella
e) Bartonella
f) Anthrax
g) Brucellosis
h) Whipple

A

g) Brucellosis

50
Q

Oculomasticatory myorhythmia
Supranuclear ophthalmoplegia
Subacute dementia

a) M. Pneumoniae
b) Listeria
c) Melioidosis
d) Legionella
e) Bartonella
f) Anthrax
g) Brucellosis
h) Whipple

A

h) Whipple

51
Q

GBS, Hurst, Reye

a) M. Pneumoniae
b) Listeria
c) Melioidosis
d) Legionella
e) Bartonella
f) Anthrax
g) Brucellosis
h) Whipple

A

a) M. Pneumoniae

52
Q

Transverse myelitis

a) M. Pneumoniae
b) Listeria
c) Melioidosis
d) Legionella
e) Bartonella
f) Anthrax
g) Brucellosis
h) Whipple

A

d) Legionella

53
Q

Rhombencephalitis

a) M. Pneumoniae
b) Listeria
c) Melioidosis
d) Legionella
e) Bartonella
f) Anthrax
g) Brucellosis
h) Whipple

A

b) Listeria

54
Q

Multiple small abscesses
India, SEA
Diabetics

a) M. Pneumoniae
b) Listeria
c) Melioidosis
d) Legionella
e) Bartonella
f) Anthrax
g) Brucellosis
h) Whipple

A

c) Melioidosis

55
Q

SAH

a) M. Pneumoniae
b) Listeria
c) Melioidosis
d) Legionella
e) Bartonella
f) Anthrax
g) Brucellosis
h) Whipple

A

f) Anthrax

* Hemorrhagic + Inflammatory CSF

56
Q

Most common neurologic presentation of Sarcoidosis

A

Mononeuritis multiplex

57
Q

Pathologic correlate of convulsions in bacterial meningitis?

A

Subpial encephalopathy

58
Q

Pathologic correlate of headache, stiff neck, meningeal signs in bacterial meningitis?

A

Pia arachnoiditis

59
Q

Pathologic correlate of focal seizures, focal cerebral deficits, most often after the first week in bacterial meningitis

A

Thrombosis of meningeal veins

60
Q

LP findings in Cerebral Malaria

A

Increased pressure
Few WBCs
Normal glucose

61
Q

HTLV-1

Routes of transmission
Symptoms
Tx

A

ROUTES
Placenta, breast milk
IV drugs, transfusions, organ transplant
Sexual contact

SYMPTOMS
Spastic gait, early sphincter sx
Later, proprioceptive loss

TX
Mogamulizumab (anti-CCR4 antibody)

62
Q

Which parasitic infections cause seizures?

A

NO SEIZURES - sikat lang na walang sz: TAE (Trichinosis, Astrongyloidiasis, Echinococcus)

Echinococcus (hydatid)
Trichinosis
Astrongyloidiasis
Gnathostomoiasis
Balyisascariasis
Toxocaria

(+) SEIZURES - all S and C, then PETT

Strongyloidiasis
Schistosomiasis
Sparganosis
Cysticercosis

Paragonimiasis
E.histolytica, N. fowleri, B. mandrallis
Toxoplasmosis
Tuberculoma

63
Q

Genetic abnormalities and key findings of NF1 and NF2?

A

NF1
Chromosome 17, Neurofibromin
Cafe au lait spots, lisch nodules (IRIS hamartomas)
Optic gliomas

NF2
Chromosome 22, Merlin/Schwannomin
Bilateral vestibular schwannomas
Meningiomas
RETINAL hamartomas
64
Q

ALS genes

A

SOD1
C9orf72
FUS/TLS
TARDBP

65
Q

Which clinical finding in Sturge-Weber was found to have cerebral lesions in all their cases?

A

Involvement of upper eyelid

66
Q

Sturge-Weber

a) GNAQ
b) Endoglin, Novel Kinase, Activin
c) Chromosome 3
d) TSC

A

Ans: GNAQ

b) Endoglin, Novel Kinase, Activin - HHT, Osler-R-W
c) Chromosome 3, VHL gene
d) TSC1 - hamartin C9, TSC2 tuberin C16

67
Q
  • Cerebellar tumor with nodule within a cyst
  • Retinal hemangioblastomas
  • Renal cell CA
  • Pheochromo, pancreatic, cystadenomas
  • Polycythemia vera
A

Von-Hippel Lindau

68
Q 
• AVMs: skin, mucous membranes, GI, GU, lungs, NS
• Hemorrhagic tendency, spider-like
• Repeated epistaxis, GI, GU bleeding
• Iron-deficiency anemia
Pulmonary fistulas
A

Hereditary Hemorrhagic Telangiectasia

Osler-Rendu-Weber

69
Q

Tramline calcification

A

Sturge-Weber

70
Q 
• Ash-leaf lesions
	• Hypomelanotic skin macules
• Shagreen patch
	• Subepidermal fibrotic lesion
MC found in the LS region
  • MC primary presemntation: Sz, psychomotor devt delay
  • Sz change pattern
    • Flexion spasms w/ hypsarrhythmia
    • GTC, atypical absence
  • Focal abnormalities are uncomomon
  • Gradual deterioration of cognitive function
  • Most useful laboratory measures: CT and MRI
A

Tuberous Sclerosis

71
Q

Pathognomonic of TS

A

Adenomas of Pringle

72
Q

Earliest manifestation of TS

A

Mild erythema over cheeks and forehead intensified by crying

73
Q

Genetic abnormality in Adrenoleukodystrophy

A

ABCD1 mutation

X-linked

Peroxisomal oxidation of VLCFAs

74
Q

Toxicity

Children: sensorial and gi sx, then increased ICP
70 mcg/dl: minimal sx

Adults: Colic, anemia, peripheral neuropathy (bilateral wrist drop)

Children: Lead lines, metaphyses of long bones
Basophilic stippling of red cells
Inc urinary UCP and ALA
Wood lamp
ZOO
A

Lead

75
Q

MC cause: suicidal, accidental ingestion of herbicides, insecticides, rodenticides

Encephalopathy, peripheral neruopathy (distal axonopathy)
Punctate hemorrhages in WM
Mees lines (fingernails)

A

Arsenic

76
Q

Initial: enceph
Later: extrapyramidal (odd gait, dystonia, rigidity of trunk, postural instability, cogwheeling

A

Manganese

77
Q 
• Tremor
	• Confusion
	• Cerebellar syndrome
	• Choreoath, parkinsonian facies
Mood, behavioral changes prominent
A

Mercury

78
Q

Toxicity

Concentric constriction of visual fields
Hearing loss, cerebellar ataxia, tremors, sensory impairment

A

Minamata Disease

Mercury

79
Q

Toxicity:

Immediate anticholinesterase effect
Delayed: polyneuropathy -> atrophy
Intermediate: paralysis including respiratory muscles

A

Phosphorous, Organophosphate

80
Q

Toxicity:

Neuropathy, optic atrophy, ophthalmoplegia, alopecia

A

Thallium

81
Q

Toxic levels of lithium

A

Therapeutic: 0.6 - 1.2 mEq/L

Above 1.5-2 mEq/L
Intoxication, cerebellar, myoclonic, nephrogenic DI

Above 3.5 mEq/L
Stupor, coma, convulsion

82
Q

In AD, there’s marked reduction in chAT in these two regions

A

Hippocampus

Neocortex

83
Q

Huntington’s Chorea vs Sydenham

A

Slower
More muscles involved
Stereotyped
Athetoid or dystonic

84
Q

Dose of Magnesium Sulfate in Eclampsia

A

IM: 10g IM, then 5g IM Q4

IV: 4g IV then 5g IM Q4
1-2g / hour IV

85
Q

Schizophrenia subtype:

  • Striking incoherence of ideas and grossly inappropriate affect
  • Hallucinations and delusions are frequent
  • Motor symptoms: grimacing, stereotyped mannerism, and other oddities of behavior

a) Simple
b) Catatonic
c) Disorganized or Hebephrenic
d) Paranoid

A

c) Disorganized or Hebephrenic

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