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Neuromuscular Section > Neuroanatomy > Flashcards

Neuroanatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Prosencephalon

A

Forebrain: telencephalon + diencephalon

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2
Q

Telencephalon includes what structures of the brain?

A
  1. Amygdala
  2. Basal ganglia
  3. Cerebrum
  4. Hippocampus
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3
Q

Dicencephalon includes what structures of the brain?

A
  1. Thalamus
  2. Hypothalamus
  3. Subthalamus
  4. Epithalamus
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4
Q

Mesenchephalon

A

Midbrain: tectum + Tegmentum

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5
Q

Tectum includes what structures of the CNS?

A

Superior and Inferior colliculi

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6
Q

Tegmentum includes what structures of the CNS?

A
  1. Cerebral aqueduct
  2. Periaqueductal gray
  3. Reticular formation
  4. Substantia nigra
  5. Red nucleus
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7
Q

Rhombencephalon

A

Hindbrain: Metencephalon + Myelencephalon

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8
Q

Metencephalon includes what structures of the CNS?

A

Cerebellum

Pons

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9
Q

Myelencephalon include what structures of the brain?

A

Medulla Oblongata

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10
Q

What does the brainstem consist of ?

A
  1. Midbrain
  2. Pons
  3. Medulla Oblongata
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11
Q

What are 3 characteristics of the Spinal Cord?

A
  1. All levels
  2. Afferent and efferent tracts
  3. Inner core of gray matter and superficial white mater
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12
Q

What is gray matter?

A

1 consists of UNMYELINATED neurons

  1. Contains capillaries, glial Cells, cell bodies, and dendrites
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13
Q

What is white matter?

A
  1. Consists of MYELINATED axons

2. Contains never fibers W/O dendrites

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14
Q

Name the lobes of the brain.

A
  1. Frontal
  2. Parietal
  3. Temporal
  4. Occipital
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15
Q

How many spinal nerves exit the vertebral column through the intervertebral foramina?

A

31 pairs of spinal nerves

  • 8 cervical
  • 12 thoracic
  • 5 lumbar
  • 5 sacral
  • 1 coccygeal
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16
Q

In the PNS, bundles of nerve fibers + axons are supported by _________ fibers and conductor information to the ________.

A
  1. Connective fibers

2. CNS

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17
Q

T or F: PNS nerves although encased in fibrous sheaths, are relatively unprotected.

A

True

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18
Q

How many roots do spinal nerves have?

A
  1. (Anterior and a posterior root)
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19
Q

What does the anterior root carry?

A

Anterior roots carry MOTOR information AWAY from the CNS (efferent fibers)

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20
Q

What does a posterior root carry?

A

Carries information regarding SENSATION to the CNS (afferent fibers)

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21
Q

What are ganglia?

A

Clusters or swellings of cells that give rise to the peripheral and central nerve fibers

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22
Q

What are ganglia divided into?

A

Sensory ganglia and autonomic ganglia

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23
Q

What are the two subcategories of the ANS?

A
  1. Sympathetic Nervous system

2. Parasympathetic Nervous System

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24
Q

What does the sympathetic division do?

A

Prepares the body for emergency response; generally stimulating response

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25
Q

What is another name for the sympathetic nervous system and what neurotransmitter is released?

A

Flight or Fight

Neuroepinephrine

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26
Q

What is the responsibility of the parasympathetic nervous system?

A

Conserving and restoring energy; generally inhibitory response

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27
Q

What is another name for the parasympathetic nervous system and what neurotransmitter is released?

A

Rest + digest; Acetylcholine

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28
Q

T or F: The ANS automatically contains portions of the CNS + PNS

A

True

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29
Q

What is the ANS concerned with?

A

Concerned with innervation for involuntary processes, glands, internal organs, and smooth muscle

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30
Q

The emphasis of the ANS is?

A

Homeostasis and a person’s response to stress

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31
Q

What does the Somatic Nervous system (SNS) involve?

A

Peripheral + motor nerve fibers

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32
Q

What doe peripheral nerve fibers send?

A

Sensory information to the CNS

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33
Q

Motor nerve fibers send information where?

A

Skeletal muscles

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34
Q

Somatic motor neurons travel directly to _______ with out intervening ________.

A

Skeletal muscles + Synapses

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35
Q

T or F: Only some nerve fibers are myelinated in the SNS?

A

F: ALL nerve fibers are myelinated

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36
Q

What does the SNS control?

A

Controls voluntary movements and provides the ability to sense touch, smell, sight, taste , and sound

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37
Q

What are all five sense influenced by?

A

Somatic Nervous system

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38
Q

What does the limbic system consist of?

A
  1. Corpus callosum
  2. Olfactory tract
  3. Mammillary bodies
  4. Fornix
  5. Thalamic nuclei
  6. Amygdala
  7. Hippocampus
  8. Parahippocampal gyrus
  9. Cingulate gyrus
  10. Hypothalamic nuclei
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39
Q

What is does the limbic system control?

A
  1. Involved in the control + expression of mood and emotion
  2. Processing and storage of recent memory
  3. Olfaction
  4. Control of appetite
    5 emotional response to food
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40
Q

What can lesions to the limbic system result in?

A

Result in a variety of behaviors including:

  1. Aggression
  2. Extreme fearfulness
  3. Alternated sexual behavior
  4. Changes in motivation
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41
Q

What are a few examples of ANS disorders?

A
  1. Constipation
  2. Erectile dysfunction
  3. Horner’s Syndrome
  4. vasovagal syncope
  5. Orthostatic hypotension
  6. Postural tachycardia syndrome
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42
Q

What does the ANS influence?

A
  1. All internal organs
  2. Blood vessels
  3. Pupils and muscles of the eye
  4. Sweat
  5. Salivary + digestive glands
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43
Q

What does ANS control?

A
  1. BP
  2. Heart + breathing rates
  3. Body temperature
  4. Digestion
  5. Metabolism
  6. Electrolyte Balance
  7. Production of salvia
  8. Sweat/tears
  9. Urination/defecation
  10. Sexual response
  11. Other bodily processes
44
Q

What is the largest division of the human brain?

A

Prosencephalon (forebrain)

45
Q

What are the left and right hemispheres joined by?

A

White matter known as the corpus callosum

46
Q

What is the purpose of the corpus callosum?

A

Relays information form one side of the brain to the other side.

47
Q

What is the outer surface of the cerebrum called?

A

Gray matter

48
Q

What is the interior of the cerebrum called?

A

White matter.

49
Q

What fissure separates the two cerebral hemispheres?

A

Inter-hemispheric fissure (medial longitudinal)

50
Q

The anterior portion of which fissure separates the temporal and frontal lobes?

A

Sylvian fissure (lateral)

51
Q

What portion of the Sylvian fissure separates the temporal and parietal lobes?

A

Posterior portion

52
Q

Which sulcus separates the frontal and parietal lobes laterally?

A

Central sulcus (sulcus of Rolando)

53
Q

What sulcus separates the parietal and occipital lobes medially?

A

Pareto-occipital sulcus

54
Q

What sulcus separates the occipital lobe into superior and inferior halves?

A

Calcarine sulcus

55
Q

What does the LEFT brain specialize/dominant?

A
  1. Language/Understand language
  2. Sequence + performance movements
  3. Produce written + spoken language
  4. Analytical
  5. Controlled
  6. Logical
  7. Rational
  8. Mathematical calculations
  9. Express positive emotions (love + happiness)
  10. Process verbally coded information in an organized, logical, and sequential manner
56
Q

What does the RIGHT brain specialize/dominate?

A
  1. Nonverbal processing
  2. Process Information in a holistic manner
  3. Artistic abilities
  4. general concept comprehension
  5. Hand-eye coordination
  6. Spatial relationships
  7. Kinesthetic awareness
  8. Understand music
  9. Understand nonverbal communication
  10. Mathematical reasoning
  11. Express negative emotions
    12 body image awareness
57
Q

Where is the hippocampus located?

A

Embedded within the lower temporal lobe

58
Q

What is the hippocampus responsible for?

A

Process of forming and storing new memories of one’s personal history and other declarative memory

59
Q

What is the hippocampus also important for?

A

Learning language

60
Q

Why is the hippocampus known as the “memory indexer?”

A

Sends memories to appropriate areas of the cerebral hemispheres for long-term stargaze and retrieves memories when needed

61
Q

Where is the basal ganglia located?

A

Gray matter masses located deep within the white matter of the cerebrum

62
Q

What is the basal ganglia made up of?

A
  1. Caudate
  2. putamen
  3. globus pallidus
  4. Substantia nigra
  5. subthalmic nuclei
63
Q

What are the basal ganglia responsible for?

A
  • Voluntary movement
  • Regulation of autonomic movement
  • Posture
  • muscle tone
  • Control of motor responses
64
Q

Basal ganglia dysfunction has been associated with what diseases?

A
  1. PD
  2. HD
  3. Tourette’s syndrome
  4. ADD (attention-deficit disorder)
  5. OCD (obsessive-compulsive disorder)
  6. Many addictions
65
Q

Where is the amygdala located?

A

The small, almond-shaped nucleus is located within the temporal lobes of each hemisphere of the brain.

Lies adjacent to the hippocampus; just beneath the surface of the front medial portion of the temporal lobe

Positioning leads to a bulge on the surface called the uncus

66
Q

What is the main function of the amygdala?

A

Emotional and social processing.

Involved with fear + pleasure responses, arousal, processing of memory + the formation of emotional memories

67
Q

What area of the brain do the major motor and sensory tracts synapse?

A

Diencephalon (located beneath the cerebral hemispheres)

68
Q

The diencephalon acts as an interactive site b/t what systems?

A

CNS

endocrine system

Complements the Limbic system

69
Q

What purpose does the thalamus serve?

A

Major relay/processing station for the majority of information that goes to the cerebral cortex

70
Q

What does the thalamus do?

A

It coordinates sensory perception + movment with other parts of the brain + spinal cord that also have a role in sensation and movment

71
Q

Where does the thalamus receive information from?

A

From the cerebellum, basal ganglia, and all sensory pathways except for olfactory tract.

Then relays the information to the appropriate association cortex

72
Q

What can damage to the thalamus result in?

A

Thalamic pain syndrome

73
Q

What is thalamic pain syndrome?

A

There is spontaneous pain on the contralateral side of the body to the thalamic lesion

74
Q

What is the purpose of the hypothalamus?

A

Receives and integrates infomration from the ANS and assists in regulating hormones

75
Q

What does the hypothalamus control?

A

Controls functions such as hunger, thirst, sexual behind, and sleeping

76
Q

What does the hypothalamus regulate?

A
  1. Body temperature
  2. The adrenal glands
  3. Pituitary gland
77
Q

Where is the hypothalamus located?

A

Below the thalamus at teh base of the diencephalon

78
Q

What can lesions to this area produce?

A

Based on the extent of the lesion can affect obesity, sexual disinterest, poor temperature control and diabetes insipidus

79
Q

Where is the subthalamus located?

A

Located b/t the thalamus + hypothalamus

80
Q

What is the subthalamus important for?

A

regulates movements produced by the skeletal muscles. It has association with the basal ganglia and Substantia nigra

81
Q

What is the epithalamus represented by?

A

The pineal Gand

82
Q

What does the Epithalamus do?

A

The pineal gland secretes melatonin and is involved in circadian rhythms, the internal clock, selected regulation of motor pathways and emotions

Associated with the limbic system and basal ganglia

83
Q

Where is the mesencephalon (midbrain) located?

A

1 of 3 components of the brainstem

Located at the base of the brain above the spinal cord

84
Q

What connects the forebrain to the hindbrain and funds as a really area for information passing from cerebrum, cerebellum and spinal cord?

A

Midbrain (mesencephalon)

85
Q

The midbrain (mesenchephalon) is also a reflex center for what?

A

Reflex center for visual, auditory, and tactile responses

86
Q

Where is the cerebellum (mesenchephalon) located?

A

At the posterior of the brain below the occipital lobes and is separated from the cerebrum by the tentorium

87
Q

What is the cerebellum responsible for?

A

For the fine tuning of the movement and assists with maintaining posture and balance by controlling muscle tone and positioning of the extremities in space

88
Q

T or F: the cerebellum controls the ability to perform rapid alternation movements

A

True

89
Q

The cerebellum consists of two hemispheres of gray matter and is divided into three lobes; name the lobes.

A
  1. Posterior
  2. Anterior
  3. Flocculonodular lobes, wit the fourth ventricles lying Anterior to the lobes
90
Q

What will damage to one side of the cerebellum produce?

A

Ipsilateral impairment to the body.

91
Q

What might cerebellar lesions result in?

A
  1. Ataxia
  2. Nystagmus
  3. Tremor
  4. Hypermetria
  5. Poor coordination
  6. Deficits in postural reflexes/balance
  7. Equilibrium deficits depending on the area of cerebellar lesions
92
Q

Where is the pons located?

A

Below the midbrain and superior to the medulla Oblongata

93
Q

What is the role of the pons?

A

Assists with regulation of respiration rate and is associated with Orientation of the head in relation to visual and auditory stimuli

94
Q

What cranial nerves originate from the Pons?

A

V-VII

95
Q

Where is the medulla Oblongata located?

A

Cone-shaped entity connects to the pons superiorly and the spinal cord inferiorly

Composed of white matter on surface; gray matter inferiorly

96
Q

What is the roll of the medulla Oblongata?

A

influences autonomic Nervous activity and the regulation of respiration and heart rate

Reflex centers for vomiting, coughing, and sneezing found here

97
Q

Damage to the motor tracts crossing within the medulla cause _________ impairment

A

Contralateral

98
Q

What is the medulla also responsible for?

A

Relaying somatic sensory information from internal organs and for the control of arousal and sleep

99
Q

What cranial nerves originate from the medulla Oblongata?

A

IX, X, XI and XII

100
Q

Where is the brainstem located?

A

In front of the cerebellum with connection to the spinal cord.

101
Q

What three structures does the brainstem consist of?

A
  1. Pons
  2. Midbrain
  3. Medulla Oblongata
102
Q

What is the role of the brainstem?

A

Works as a relay station sending messages b/t various parts of the body and the cerebral cortex.

103
Q

T or F: Many of the primitive functions that are essential for survival (regulation of HR and RR) are located within the brainstem

A

True

104
Q

What system is found within the brainstem?

A

Reticular Activating system

105
Q

What does severe damage to brainstem often result in?

A

“Brain death” secondary to key functions that are controlled within this care

*several cranial nerves originate on brainstem

Neuromuscular Section (24 decks)

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