Involuntary Movement Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

What is involuntary movement defined as?

A

A movement that the person does not start or stop at the person’s own command or with an observer’s command

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2
Q

What are common forms of hypokinesia?

A
  1. Apraxia
  2. Rigidity
  3. Bradykinesia
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3
Q

What are common forms of hyperkinesia?

A
  1. Ataxia
  2. Athetosis
  3. Chorea
  4. Tremors
  5. dysmetria
  6. Dystopia
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4
Q

How does athetosis present?

A

Slow, twisting, and writhing movements that are LARGE amplitude

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5
Q

Where are athetoid movements primarily seen?

A

Face, tongue, trunk and extremities

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6
Q

When the movements are brief, the merge with __________ (choreathetosis), and when SUSTAINED, they merge with ________, and is typically associated with spasticity

A

Chorea; Dystonia

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7
Q

Athetosis is a common finding in what pathologies?

A

Several forms of CP secondary to basal ganglia pathology

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8
Q

How does chorea present?

A

Brief, Irregular contractions that are rapid, but not to the degree of myoclonic jerks.

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9
Q

What is chorea typically secondary to?

A

Damage of the CAUDATE nucleus

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10
Q

What is chorea often equated to?

A

“Fidgeting”

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11
Q

________ is a form of chorea that includes choreic jerks of large amplitude.

A

Ballism

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12
Q

What does Ballism produce?

A

Produces failing movements of the limbs

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13
Q

What is ballism typically secondary to?

A

Secondary To damage of the Subthalamic nucleus

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14
Q

What is an example of a disease that presents with chorea?

A

Huntington’s Disease

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15
Q

What is dystonia?

A

Syndrome of sustained muscle contraction that frequently cause twisting, abnormal postures, and repetitive movements

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16
Q

What are common diagnoses that may include dystonia?

A

PD, CP, and encephalitis

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17
Q

What are tics?

A

Sudden, brief, repetitive, coordinated movements that will usually occur at irregular intervals

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18
Q

T or F: There are simple and complex tics that vary from myoclonic jerks to jumping movements that may include focalization and repetition of other sounds

A

True

19
Q

What is an example of a pathology that presents with tics?

A

Tourette syndrome

20
Q

Describe Tremors.

A

Involuntary, rhythmic, oscillatory movements taht are typically classified into 3 groups:

  1. Resting
  2. Postural
  3. Intention (kinetic)
21
Q

What are resting tremors?

A

Observable at rest and may or may not disappear with movment; may increase with mental stress

22
Q

What is an example of a resting tremor?

A

Pill-rolling in PD

23
Q

What are postural tremors?

A

Observable during a voluntary contraction to maintain a posture

24
Q

What is an example of a postural tremor?

A

Include the rapid tremor associated with hyperthyroidism, fatigue or anxiety, and benign essential tremor

25
Q

What is an intention (kinetic) tremor?

A

Absent at rest, but observable with activity and typically increase as the target approaches.

26
Q

What do intention tremors typically indicate?

A

Cerebellum or its efferent (motor) pathways and are typically seen with MS

27
Q

Akinesia

A

The inability to initiate movement; commonly seen in PD

28
Q

Asthenia

A

Generalized weakness, typically secondary to cerebellar pathology

29
Q

Ataxia

A

The inability to perform coordinated movements

30
Q

Athetosis

A

A condition that presents with involuntary movements combined with instability in posture

Peripheral movements occur without central stability

31
Q

Bradykinesia

A

Movement that is very slow

32
Q

Chorea

A

Movements that are sudden, random, and involuntary

33
Q

Clasp-Knife response

A

A form of resistance seen during ROM of a hypertonic joint where there is greatest resistance at the invitation of range that lessens with movement through the ROM

34
Q

Clonus

A

A characteristic of an UMN lesion; involuntary alternating spasmodic contraction of a muscle precipitated by a quick stretch reflex

35
Q

Cogwheel Rigidity

A

A form of rigidity where resistance to movement has a physic quality to it; often seen with PD

36
Q

Disdiadochokinesia

A

The inability to perfomr rapidly alternating movements

37
Q

Dysmetria

A

The inability to control the ROM and the force of muscular activity

38
Q

Dystonia

A

Closely related to athetosis, however, there is larger axial muscle involvement rather than appendicular

39
Q

Fasciculation

A

A muscular twitch that is caused by random discharge of LM and its muscle fibers; suggest LMN disease, however can be bending

40
Q

Hemiballism

A

An involuntary and violent movement of a large body part

41
Q

Kinesthesia

A

The ability to perceive the direction and extent of movement of a joint or body part

42
Q

Lead pipe rigidity

A

A form of rigidity where there is uniform and constant resistance to ROM often associated with lesion of the basal ganglia

43
Q

Rigidity

A

A state of sever hypertonicity where a sustained muscle contraction does not allow for any movement at a specified joint

44
Q

Tremor

A

Involuntary, rhythmic, oscillatory movements secondary to a basal ganglia lesion. There are various classifications secondary to specific etiology