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3rd Year Summary > Neuroanatomy > Flashcards

Neuroanatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 types of Glial Cells in the CNS?

A
  • Astrocytes
  • Oligodendrocytes
  • Microglia
  • Ependymal cells
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2
Q

What is the role of Astrocytes?

A
  • Star shaped
  • Roles in support, maintaining BBB, environmental homeostasis
  • No connective tissue in CNS
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3
Q

What is more common in the CNS, glial cells or neurons?

A

Glial cells x10 more numerous than neurones in CNS

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4
Q

What is the role of Oligodendrocytes?

A

-Produce myelin in the CNS

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5
Q

What is the role of Microglia?

A
  • Cells of similar lineages to macrophages

- Immune monitoring and antigen presentation

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6
Q

How do Microglia change from a resting state to an activated state?

A
  • Resting: elongated nucleus and a number of short, spiny cell processes
  • Activated: rounder and take on an appearance similar to a macrophage
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7
Q

What is the role of Ependymal cells?

A

-Ciliated cuboidal/columnar epithelium that lines the ventricles

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8
Q

What is the difference between a fissure and a sulcus?

A

A fissure is deeper

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9
Q

What is the role of the insula?

A

-Has an importance role in the patient’s experience of pain, it is hidden.

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10
Q

White and Grey matter of the spinal cord?

A
  • Outer layer is white

- Inner layer is grey

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11
Q

What is the blood supply to the spinal cord?

A
  • Three major longitudinal arteries: one anterior and two posterior that originate from the vertebral arteries
  • Segmental arteries, derived from vertebral, intercostal and lumbar arteries
  • Radicular arteries that travel along the dorsal and ventral roots
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12
Q

Where is the primary somatosensory cortex?

A

-Behind the post-central gyrus

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13
Q

Where is the primary motor cortex?

A

-In the pre-central gyrus

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14
Q

Where do the fibres in the DCML cross?

A

Medulla

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15
Q

Which fibres does the DCML pathway carry?

A

-Fine touch and conscious proprioception

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16
Q

Where do the fibres in the STT cross?

A

-Cross segmentally in the spinal cord

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17
Q

Which fibres does the STT carry?

A

-Pain, temp and deep pressure

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18
Q

What can a CVA of the internal capsule result in?

A

A lack of descending control of the corticospinal tract

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19
Q

What is decorticate posturing?

A
  • CVA of internal capsule causing lack of descending control of the corticospinal tract
  • Spastic paralysis with hyeprflexion of the upper limbs
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20
Q

What does the Corticospinal tract do?

A

Fine, precise movement, particularly of distal limb muscles

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21
Q

Where do the pyramidal fibres cross?

A

85% cross in the caudal medulla at the decussation of the pyramids

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22
Q

What is the difference between crossed and uncrossed fibres from the corticospinal tract?

A
  • Crossed form the lateral CST

- Uncrossed form the ventral CST

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23
Q

What makes up the extra-pyramidal tract?

A
  • Tectospinal
  • Reticulospinal
  • Vestibulospinal
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24
Q

What is the role of the Tectospinal tract?

A
  • Input mostly to cervical segments

- Thought to mediate reflex head and neck movement due to visual stimuli

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25
Q

What is the role of the Reticulospinal Tract?

A
  • Reticular formation forms the central core of the brainstem
  • It has many nuclei and receives input from virtually all parts of the CNS
  • Many movements incl fluency of voluntary movement
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26
Q

Where do the the Reticulospinal Tract fibres originate from?

A

-Areas of the reticular formation in pons and medulla

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27
Q

What movement does fibres originating in the pons facilitate?

A

-Extensor movements and inhibit flexor

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28
Q

What movement does fibres originating in the medulla facilitate?

A

-Flexor movements and inhibit extensor

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29
Q

What is the role of the Vestibulospinal Tract?

A
  • Excitatory input to “anti-gravity” extensor muscles
  • Fibres originate in the vestibular nuclei of the pons and medulla
  • Receive input from Vestibular Apparatus
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30
Q

What happens if there is a lesion at the brainstem resulting in lack of descending cortical control from Vestibulospinal tract?

A

-Domination of the extensor muscle tone and hyperextended spastic paralysis

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31
Q

Brown-Séquard’s Syndrome?

A
  • Ipsilateral paralysis
  • Ipsilateral hyper-reflexia and extensor plantar reflex
  • Ipsilateral loss of vibration and proprioception
  • Contralateral loss of paint and temp sensation
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32
Q

What are the 3 layers of the Cerebellar Cortex?

A
  • Molecular (outer) (Mother)
  • Purkinje cell layer (middle) (Peter)
  • Granular layer (inner) (Gran)
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33
Q

For Molecular layer, Purkinje cell layer and Granular layer…which is outer, middle, inner?

A
  • Molecular- outer
  • Purkinje- middle
  • Granular- inner
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34
Q

What are the afferent (input) projections to the cerebellum?

A
  • From spinal cord, somatic proprioceptors and pressure receptors
  • Cerebral cortex (relayed via pons)
  • Vestibular apparatus via vestibular nuclei
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35
Q

How do afferent projections arrive at the cerebellum?

A

-Via cerebellar peduncles and project to the granule cell layer

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36
Q

What are the outputs of the cerebellum?

A
  • Output is via the axons of the Purkinje cells which synapse on neurones of the deep cerebellar nuclei
  • Co-ordinate the functions of all the motor tracts
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37
Q

How do efferent projections leave the the cerebellum?

A
  • Most efferent axons of the deep cerebellar nuclei cross the midline and synapse in the thalamus
  • Thalamus sends fibres to the motor cortex
38
Q

Do cerebellar lesions lead to ipsilateral or contralateral signs?

A

Ipsilateral

39
Q

What symptoms will a unilateral hemispheric lesion of the cerebellum cause?

A
  • Disturbance of coordination in limbs

- Intension tremor and insteady gait in the absence of weakness or sensory loss

40
Q

What symptoms will bilateral cerebellar dysfunction cause?

A
  • Slowed, slurred speech (dysarthria)

- Bilateral incoordination of the arms and a staggering wide, based gait

41
Q

What symptoms will a midline hemispheric lesion of the cerebellum cause?

A
  • Disturbance of postural control

- Patient will tend to fall over when standing or sitting despite preserved limb coordination

42
Q

What are the functions of the Basal Ganglia?

A
  • To facilitate purposeful movement
  • Inhibit unwanted movements
  • Role in posture and muscle tone
43
Q

What makes up the striatum?

A
  • Caudate nucleus

- Putamen

44
Q

What makes up the Lenticular Nucleus?

A
  • Globus Pallidus

- Subthalamic nucleus

45
Q

What makes up the corpus striatum

A
  • Caudate nucleus
  • Putamen
  • Globus Pallidus
46
Q

How do the basal ganglia work with the motor cortex to enhance normal movement?

A
  • Work through direct pathway to enhance outflow of thalamus

- Can inhibit outflow of thalamus through indirect pathway

47
Q

What side will unilateral basal ganglion dysfunction affect?

A

-The contralateral side will be affect

48
Q

What symptoms will a unilateral lesion of the basal ganglion cause?

A
  • Change in muscle tone

- Dyskinesias inclu: tremor, chorea, myoclonus

49
Q

What are some of the disorders associated with the basal ganglia?

A
  • PD

- HD

50
Q

What movement does fibres originating in the medulla facilitate?

A

-Flexor movements and inhibit extensor

51
Q

What is the role of the Vestibulospinal Tract?

A
  • Excitatory input to “anti-gravity” extensor muscles

- Fibres originate in the vesticular nuclei of pons and medulla

52
Q

Where does the Vestibulospinal tract receive input from?

A

The vestibular apparatus and cerebellum

53
Q

What happens if there is a lesion of the Vestibulospinal Tract?

A

-There is domination of the extensor muscle tone and hyperextended spastic paralysis

54
Q

Brown-Séqard’s Syndrome?

A
  • Ipsilateral paralysis
  • Ipsilateral hyper-reflexia and extensor plantar reflex
  • Ipsilateral loss of vibration, proprioception
  • Contralateral loss of pain and temp
55
Q

Where do cranial nerves exit the brainstem and what is the exception?

A

-Nerves exit ventrally exit CNIV

56
Q

What are the CNs which open up onto the midline of the brainstem?

A
  • The motor nerves

- III, IV, VI, XII

57
Q

What are the three trigeminal sensory nuclei?

A
  • Mesesencephalic nucleus
  • Pontine Trigeminal Nucleus
  • Spinal Nucleus
58
Q

Where is the location of the sensory nucleus of the trigeminal nerve of the brainstem?

A
  • Forms a long column of neurons that stretches from the midbrain down to the upper 2 segments of the cervical spinal cord
  • It has 3 parts, separated by function
59
Q

What is the function of the Mesesencephalic nucleus of the trigeminal nerve system?

A

-Proprioception info from chewing muscles

60
Q

What is the function of the Pontine Trigeminal Nucleus of the trigeminal nerve system?

A

Discriminative touch and vibration

61
Q

What is the function of the Spinal nucleus of the trigeminal nerve system?

A

Pain, temp

62
Q

Where is the only site in the CNS where the cell bodies of the primary afferent neurones live inside the CNS?

A

The Mesencephalic nucleus of the trigeminal sensory nucleus

63
Q

If there is a lesion of the Trigeminal pain fibres, where is spared?

A

Oral sparing

64
Q

Which CNs have several nuclei in the brainstem which are shared by more than one ?

A

CN VII, IX, X

65
Q

What is the Corticobulbar tract?

A

-The part of the pyramidal tract that is motor to cranial nerves

66
Q

What is reticular formation?

A

A network of loosely aggregated cells with cell bodies, axons and dendrite intermingling in the central core of the brainstem

67
Q

What does the reticular formation centres do?

A
  • Integrate CN reflexes
  • Participate in voluntary movement
  • Regulate autonomic activity
68
Q

What are the functions of Superior Olivary Nucleus and Lateral Lemniscus?

A

Sound localisation and relay

69
Q

What is the auditory pathway through the brainstem?

A

From inferior colliculus through inferior brachium to medial geniculate ganglion

70
Q

What is the visual pathway through the brainstem?

A

From superior colliculus to lateral geniculate ganglion

71
Q

Sound is organised in the auditory cortex. Where is low frequency sound?

A

Anterolateral part of the auditory cortex

72
Q

Sound is organised in the auditory cortex. Where is high frequency sound?

A

Posteromedial part of auditory cortex

73
Q

Broca’s area?

A

Broken speech, can comprehend language

74
Q

Wernicke’s area?

A

Difficulty comprehending speech

75
Q

Eye movements can be controlled by the visual cortex and frontal eye fields.
What eye movements does the frontal field control?

A
  • “Movements of command”- independent of moving stimuli

- “jumpy”

76
Q

Eye movements can be controlled by the visual cortex and frontal eye fields.
What eye movements does the visual field control?

A
  • In response to visual stimuli
  • Tracking moving objects
  • Smooth movements
77
Q

All cranial nerve the ventral aspect of the brain, except…

A

CNIV, exits anteriorly

78
Q

Describe the location of the frontal lobe

A

Anterior to the central sulcus and superior to the lateral sulcus

79
Q

Describe the location of the Parietal Lobe

A
  • Posterior to the central sulcus
  • Superior to the lateral sulcus
  • Anterior to a line from the parieto-occipital sulcus to the pre-occipital notch
80
Q

Describe the location of the Occipital Lobe

A

-Posterior to a line from the parieto-occipital sulcus to the pre occipital notch

81
Q

Describe the location of the Temporal Lobe

A
  • Inferior to the lateral sulcus

- Posteriorly by a line from the parieto-occipital sulcus

82
Q

What is the most superior trigeminal sensory nucleus?

A

Mesencephalic nucleus which extends from the upper pons to the midbrain

83
Q

Name the nuclei in the brainstem shared by more than one cranial nerve

A

Solitary Nucleus
Inferior and Superior Salivartory Nuclei
Nucleus Ambiguus

84
Q

Features of the Solitary Nucleus?

A

Taste and Visceral Sensory info
V shape from upper to lower medulla
CN VII, IX, X

85
Q

Features of the Inferior and Superior Salivartory Nuclei?

A

Parasympathetic efferents to ganglia of salivary glands and Pteryygopalatine ganglion
CN VII and IX

86
Q

Features of the Nucleus Ambiguus?

A

Motor efferents to muscles of pharynx and larynx
Upper medulla
CN IX, X

87
Q

Telencephalon

A

Cerebral hemispheres

88
Q

Diencephalon

A

Thalamus, hypothalamus

89
Q

Mesencephalon

A

Midbrain

90
Q

Metencephalon

A

Pons, cerebellum

91
Q

Myelencephalon

A

Medulla Oblongata

3rd Year Summary (17 decks)

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