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AY Neurology > Neuroanatomy > Flashcards

Neuroanatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What makes up the brainstem?

A

Midbrain
Pons
Medulla Oblongata

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2
Q

Is the connective tissue in the CNS?

A

No

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3
Q

What is the function f oliodendrocytes?

A

Produce myelin in the CNS

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4
Q

What are the 4 major glial cells in the CNS?

A

Astrocytes
Oligodendrocytes
Microglia
Ependymal cells

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5
Q

What is the roleof microglia in the CNS?

A

Immune monitoring and antigen presentation

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6
Q

What are folia?

A

Equivalent to gyrus in the cerebral hemisphere

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7
Q

What composes grey matter?

A

Huge numbers of neurons,celll processes, synapses and support cells

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8
Q

What composes white matter?

A

Axons (most myelinated) and their support cells

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9
Q

What makes up the lentiform nucleus?

A

Putamen

Globus pallidus

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10
Q

What splits the frontal & parietal lobe?

A

Central sulcus

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11
Q

What splits the parietal & temporallobes?

A

Lateral sulcus

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12
Q

What is he insula involved in?

A

Patient’s experience of pain

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13
Q

What are the layers of meninges frm superficial to deep?

A

Dura mater
Arachnoid mater
Pia mater

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14
Q

Where are neurons found in the enteric nervous system?

A

Myenteric plexus & submucosal plexus

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15
Q

How does blood from the brain drain?

A

Into a system of dural venous sinuses then into the internal jugular foramen

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16
Q

What is the end of the spinal cord calledand what vertebral level is it at?

A

Conus Medularis at L1/2

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17
Q

At which spinal levels in a small lateral horn present?

A

T1-L2

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18
Q

What does the lateral horn contain??

A

Preganglionic sympahetic neurones

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19
Q

Which tract is respnsible for finetouch and conscious proprioception?

A

DCML pathway

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20
Q

Where do fibres cross in the DCML pathway?

A

Medulla

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21
Q

Which tract is responsible for pain, temperature and deeppressure?

A

Spinothalamic tract

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22
Q

Where do fibres cross in the spinothalamictract

A

Segmentally

23
Q

Which tract is responsible for fine, precise movement?

A

Corticospinaltract

24
Q

Which tract is also called the pyramidal tract?

A

Corticospinal tract

25
Q

Where do fibres cross in the corticospinal tract?

A

85% at caudal medula (decussation of the pyramids)

26
Q

What are the 2 divisions of the corticospinal tract?

A

Crossed fibres - Lateral CST

Uncrossed fibres - Ventral CST (cross segmentally)

27
Q

How would a CVA of the internal capsule causing a lack of descending control of the corticospinal tract present?

A

Hyperflexion of the upper limbs

28
Q

What are the 3 extrapyramidal tract?

A

Tectospinal tract
Reticulospinal tract
Vestibulospinaltract

29
Q

What is the function of the tectospinal tract?

A

Mediates reflex head and neck movement due to visual stimuli

30
Q

Which tract forms the central core of the brain stem?

A

Reticulospinal tract

31
Q

What effect do fibres originating from the pons have on movement when compared to the medulla?

A

Pons facilitate extensor and inhibit flexor

Medulla facilitate flexor and inhibit extensor

32
Q

What is the function of the vestibulospinal tract?

A

Excitatory input to “antigravity” extensor muscles

33
Q

What is Brown-Sequard syndrome?

A

Lateral hemisectionofthecord

34
Q

What are the effects of a lateral hemisection of the cord?

A

Ipsilateral paralysis
Ipsilateral hyperreflexia & extensor plantar reflex
Ipsilateral loss of vibrator sense and proprioception
Contralateral loss of pain & temp sense

35
Q

What are the 3 layers of the cerebellar cortex?

A 
Molecular layer (outer) 
Purkinje cell layer (middle) 
Granular layer (inner)
36
Q

Where do most efferent axons coming from the deep cerebellar nuclei synapse?

A

The thalamus

37
Q

Do cerebral hemispheres influence the ipsilateral or contralateral side of the body?

A

Ipsilateral

38
Q

What are the symptoms of a unilteral cerebellar hemisphericlesion?

A

Disturbance of coordination in limbs
Intention tremor
Unsteady gait in the absence of weakness or sensory loss

39
Q

Symptoms of bilateral cerebellar dysfunction?

A

Slowed, slurred speech
Bilateral incoordination of the arms
Staggering widebased gait

40
Q

What acute situation typically results in cerebellar ataxia?

A

Acute alcohol exposure

41
Q

How does a midline cerebellar lesion present?

A

Disturbance of postural control (fall over when standing or sitting despite preserved limb coordination)

42
Q

What are the functions of the basal ganglia?

A

Facilitate purposeful movement
Inhibit unwanted movements
Has a role in posture and muscle tone

43
Q

What 5 masses make up the basal ganglia?

A 
Caudate nucleus 
Putamen 
Globus pallidus 
Subthalamic nucleus 
Substantia nigra
44
Q

What is the pathology of Parkinson’s disease?

A

Degeneration of dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra

45
Q

Which side of the body do lesions of the basal ganglia effect?

A

Contralateral side

46
Q

How do lesions of the basal ganglia present?

A

Changes in muscle tones

Dyskinesias (tremor, choea, myoclonus)

47
Q

How is Huntington’s transmitted?

A

Autosomal dominant

48
Q

What is the pathology of Huntington’s?

A

Progressive degeneration of the basal ganglia and cerebral cortex

49
Q

Signs of Huntington’s

A

Chorea andprogressivedimentia

50
Q

What is the corticobulbar tract?

A

The part of the pyramidal tract that is motor to cranialnerves

51
Q

Why is unilateral deafness not a brainstem or core issue?

A

As superior to the cochlear nuclei some fibres are crossed and some are not

52
Q

What are the 2 types of aphasia?

A

Broca’s & Wernicke’s

53
Q

What is Broca’s aphasia?

A

Can understand language but have difficulty producing it

54
Q

What is Wernicke’s area?

A

Patient’s have difficult comprehending but can manifest defects ranging from words out of order to meaningless words

AY Neurology (12 decks)

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