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AY Neurology > Anatomy lectures > Flashcards

Anatomy lectures Flashcards

1
Q

Which cells are responsible for myelin sheaths in the CNS & PNS?

A 
CNS = oligodendrocytes 
PNS = schwann cells
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2
Q

What route do sensory axons take when exiting the spinal cord?

A

Spinal nerve to posterior root the posterior rootlets then posterior horn of the spinal cord

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3
Q

Where do fibres in the STT cross over?

A

1-2 spinal nerve segments above point of entry

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4
Q

Where do fibres crossover in the corticospinal tract?

A

Crossover in medulla

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5
Q

Where does sympathetic outflow exit the spinal cord?

A

T1-L2 spinal nerves

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6
Q

Signs of horner’s syndrome

A

Ipsilateral ptosis
Ipsilateral miosis (pinpoint pupil)
Reduced sweating on affected side

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7
Q

How do presynaptic parasympathetic axons leave the CNS?

A

Via CN’s III, VII, IX & X and via sacral spinal nerves

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8
Q

Where do the extrinsic back muscles attach?

A

Upper limb & pectoral girdle

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9
Q

What is the function of the extrinsic back muscles?

A

Move the upper limb

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10
Q

What are the main extrinsic back muscles?

A

Trapezius
Latissimus dorsi
Levator scapulae
Rhomboid major & minor

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11
Q

What is the function of intrinsic back muscles?

A

Maintain back posture

Move the spine

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12
Q

What are the two min groups of intrinsic back muscles?

A 
Erector spinae (superficial) 
Transversospinalis (deep)
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13
Q

Strain of which muscle is likely to cause low back pain?

A

Erector spinae

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14
Q

Which ligament connects adjacent laminae posterior to the spinal cord?

A

Ligamentum flavum

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15
Q

Which ligament is narrow and weak but prevents over-flexion of the spine?

A

Posterior longitudinal ligament

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16
Q

Which broad, strong ligament prevents over-extension of the spine?

A

Anterior longitudinal ligament

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17
Q

Which vertebral level is the first palpable spinous process?

A

C7

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18
Q

Where is anaesthetic injected into incausal anaesthesia?

A

Sacral hiatus ( to anaesthetise sacral spinal nerve roots fo the cauda equina)

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19
Q

At what level does the spinal cord end?

A

L2

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20
Q

Why might a laminectomy be needed to relieve pressure on thespinal cord or nerve roots?

A

Tumour
Herniated disc
Bone hypertrophy

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21
Q

Where is the somatosensory cortex found?

A

Post-central gyrus

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22
Q

Where is the somatomotor cortex found?

A

Pre-central gyrus

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23
Q

Which nerve innervated the anterior compartment of the arm?

A

Musculocutaneous nerve (C5,6,7)

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24
Q

Where is the extracranial part of CN I?

A

Within the olfactory mucosa in the nasal cavity

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25
Q

Which foramnia doesCN I pass through?

A

Cribriformplate of the ethmoid bone

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26
Q

Where do olfactory nerves synapse?

A

Olfactory bulb

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27
Q

What foramina does CN II pass through/

A

Optic canal

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28
Q

Where does CN III connect with the CNS?

A

Midbrain

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29
Q

Which foramen does CN III pass through?

A

Superior Orbital Fissure

30
Q

Which foramen does CN IV pass through?

A

Superior orbital fissure

31
Q

What does CN IV supply?

A

The superior oblique muscle

32
Q

Where does CN VI connect with the CS?

A

Pontomedullary junction

33
Q

Which foramen does CN VI pass through?

A

Superior orbital fissure

34
Q

What foramen does the vestibulocochlear nerve pass through?

A

Internal acoustic meatus

35
Q

Where does CN XI connect with the CNS?

A

Cervical spinal cord

36
Q

Which foramen does CN XI pass through?

A

Jugular foramen

37
Q

How do you clinically test CN IX?

A

Shrug shoulders

Turn head to flex neck on both sides

38
Q

Where doesthe hypoglossal nerve connect with the CNS?

A

Via many rootlets lateral to the pyramids of the medulla oblongata

39
Q

Which foramen does CN XII exit through?

A

Hypoglossal canal

40
Q

How do you test CN XII?

A

Ask patient to stick tongue out - tongue goes towards side of nerve injury

41
Q

Which division of the trigeminal nerve carries both sensory & motor fibres?

A

CN V3

42
Q

What are the 3 pairs of jaw closing muscles?

A

Masseter
Temporalis
Medial pterygoid

43
Q

What is the only pair of jaw opening muscles?

A

Lateral pterygoid

44
Q

What is the chorda tymani a branch of and what does it supply?

A

Branch of CN VII - supplies taste buds of the anterior 2/3rds of tongue

45
Q

What movements of the face allow testing of motor function of CN VII?

A

Raise eyebrows
Close eyes tightly
Smile
Puff out cheeks and hold air

46
Q

What is the parasympathetic nerve supply of the parotid glad?

A

CN IX

47
Q

How can CN IX be tested?

A

Gag reflex

48
Q

What nerve supplies general & special sensory to the posterior 1/3rd of the tongue?

A

CN IX

49
Q

What does the vagus nerve run within in the neck?

A

Carotid sheath

50
Q

Where does the LEFT recurrent laryngeal pass?

A

Off the vagus and curves under the arch of the aorta

51
Q

Where does the RIGHT recurrent laryngeal pass?

A

Under the right subclavian artery

52
Q

Does the uvula move towards or away from the affected side?

A

Away from non-functioning side

53
Q

What are the layers of the scalp?

A 
S =Skin
C = Connective tissue
A = Aponeurosis 
L = Loose connective tissue 
P = Pericranium
54
Q

Why are sutures in the skull good in fractures?

A

Minimise propagation to prevent skull fractures from spreading

55
Q

Which artery courses over the deep aspect of the pterion?

A

Middle meningeal artery

56
Q

What is the falx cerebri?

A

A midline structure made of dura mater that attaches to the deep aspect of the skull and separates the left & right hemispheres

57
Q

Where is the circle of willis found?

A

Inferior to the midbrain, closely related to the pituitary stalk and optic chiasm within the subarachnoid space

58
Q

How is CSF reabsorbed?

A

Into the durl venous sinuses via arachnoid granulations

59
Q

Where is CSF produced?

A

Choroid plexus of the ventricles

60
Q

What is hydrocephalus?

A

Excessive production,obstruction to flow or inadequate reabsorption leads to increased CSF volume

61
Q

How is hydrocephalus treated?

A

Ventricular peritoneal shunt

62
Q

Where does an extradural haemorrhage occur?

A

Between the bone & the dura

63
Q

Which artery is damaged in an extradural haemorrhage?

A

Ruptured middle meningeal artery

64
Q

What sort of injury could cause an extradural haemorrhage?

A

Trauma to the pterion

65
Q

Where is the bleed in a subdural haemorrhage?

A

Between dura & arachnoid?

66
Q

What structure indamaged in subdural haemorrhage?

A

Torn cerebral veins

67
Q

What type of injury can cause a subdural haemorrhage?

A

Falls in the elderly

68
Q

What structure tends to be damaged in subarachnoid haemorrhage?

A

Ruptured Circle of Willis (“Berry” aneursym)

69
Q

What tends to be the cause of a subarachnoid haemorrhage?

A

Congenital aneurysm

70
Q

What is a very dangerous complication of an epidural anaesthesia & LP?

A

Damage to extradural venous plexus resulting in an epidural haematoma compressing the spinal cord or cauda equina

71
Q

In what cases should an LP not be performed?

A

Raised ICP

AY Neurology (12 decks)

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