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Anatomical Terms > Neuroanatomy > Flashcards

Neuroanatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Central Nervous System (anatomical)

A

Brain (cerebrum, cerebellum, brain stem, subthalamus, basal ganglia) and spinal cord.

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2
Q

Peripheral Nervous System (anatomical)

A

12 cranial nerves and 31 spinal nerves and sensory receptors

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3
Q

Autonomic Nervous System (functional)

A

INVOLUNTARY

Sympathetic: arousing/fight or flight - controls organs, smooth muscle, heart muscle.

Parasympathetic: calming - controls organs, smooth muscle, heart muscle.

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4
Q

Somatic Nervous system (functional)

A

VOLUNTARY

Sensory (Afferent): Vision, hearing, touch, pressure pain -controls skeletal muscle

Motor (Efferent): Generating motor responses -controls skeletal muscle

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5
Q

prosencephalon (forebrain)

A

Diencephalon - Thalamus, Hypothalamus, Pituitary gland, Optic tract, Third Ventricle.

Telencephalon - Cerebral hemispheres, white matter beneath, basal ganglia, olfactory tract.

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6
Q

Sulci

A

on cerebral cortex. grooves between raised area.

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6
Q

Gyri

A

on cerebral cortex. raised areas.

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6
Q

Fissure

A

If Sulci groove is deep we call it a fissure instead

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7
Q

Mesencephalon (midbrain)

A

Approx. 2cm long.

Major part of the brainstem.

aids in controlling movement and sensory process such as vision and hearing.

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8
Q

Rhombencephalon (hindbrain)

A

Includes cerebellum, medulla, and pons.

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9
Q

Cerebrum

A

Two cerebral hemispheres connected by corpus collosum. The Cerebral cortex (outer layer or bark).

CONSCIOUS. Perception, awareness, motor planning and prep., cognitive function, attention, decision making, voluntary motor inhibition, language function, speech function

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10
Q

Pons

A

receives information from visual areas to control eye and body movements. Also plays a role in controlling patterns of sleep and arousal

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10
Q

Corpus Callosum

A

connects the two cerebral hemispheres.

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11
Q

Cerebellum

A

“little brain” with Pons, controls movement and maintains equilibrium.

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12
Q

Medulla

A

controls unconscious yet essential body functions such as breathing, swallowing, blood circulation and muscle tone

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13
Q

Plexus

A

Network of nerves

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14
Q

ganglia

A

group of nerve cell bodies (usually in PNS)

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15
Q

glial cells

A

nutrients to neurons, support, myelin. COMMUNICATING tissue.

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16
Q

neuron

A

ind. nerve fiber

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17
Q

What composes the brain stem?

A

Midbrain, Pons, Medulla

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18
Q

what are the two types of neural responses?

A

Excitation: a stimulation that causes an increase of activity of the tissue stimulated

inhibition: refers to stimulation of a neuron that reduces the neuron’s output. (when a neuron is inhibited, it reduces its activity - ex: hearing a siren at a traffic light).

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19
Q

What is gray matter?

A

A high concentration of cell bodies.

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20
Q

What is white matter referred to as?

A

Myelin - communication to different areas of your brain.

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21
Q

Unipolar Neuron

A

Neuron with single bifurcating process arising from the soma (SENSORY except hearing and smell) - afferent

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22
Q

Bipolar Neuron

A

Neuron with two processes (SENSORY hearing and smell) - afferent

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23
Q

Multipolar Neuron

A

Neuron with more than two processes (MOTOR) - efferent

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24
Q

Afferent

A

signals carried towards the brain

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25
Q

Efferent

A

signals carried away from the brain

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26
Q

Types of Meningeal linings covering the brain

A
  1. Dura Mater - tough bi-layered lining. most superficial.
  2. Arachnoid Mater - spider like, filled with cerebrospinal fluid and creates a suspension system
  3. Pia Mater - Thin, membranous covering that closely follows the contour of the brain.
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27
Q

What is the function of the meningeal linings?

A

Protect the brain, holding structures in place during movement, provide support for structures.

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28
Q

Cerebrospinal Fluid

A

cushions brain, serves as transport system, inadequate flow leads to hydrocephalus. Removes waste.

volume is approx. 125 mL

replenished every 7 hours.

29
Q

The Cerebral Cortex is considered the _____ of the brain

A

Bark. it is between 2 and 4 mm thick.

30
Q

Pyramidal System

A

the voluntary motor pathway that we use for moving in space/producing speech. (two major efferent tracts)

31
Q

Extra-pyramidal System

A

Not a discreet anatomical entity in the brain.

involves cerebellum and basal ganglia - maintain coordinated movements.

provides background tone and movement supporting the primary acts; involves basal ganglia and reticular formation.

32
Q

upper motor neurons

A

begin in cortex and travel down to brain stem or spinal cord. “excitatory and inhibitory”

33
Q

lower motor neurons

A

begin in spinal cord and go on to innervate muscles throughout the body. “excitatory”

34
Q

Circle of Willis

A

part of Cerebrovascular system. Arteries that come together at the base of the skull.

35
Q

What are 3 types of trauma that can lead to Cerebrovascular accidents (CVA’s)?

A
  1. Thrombosis - foreign body obstructs blood vessel
  2. Embolism - blood clot that arrives via bloodstream
  3. Aneurysm - dilation or ballooning of blood vessel, which can rupture and bleed.
36
Q

what makes up a motor unit?

A

Lower motor neurons + Endplate within muscle.

37
Q

what are ventricles?

A

spaces in the brain through which the Cerebrospinal fluid flows.

38
Q

Brodmann Map

A

localized areas of the brain are dominated by specific cell types. Pertaining to Cerebral layers.

39
Q

what are pyramidal cells?

A

large, pyramid-shaped cells involved in motor function.

40
Q

cerebral longitudinal fissure

A

separates left and right cerebral hemispheres

41
Q

frontal lobe

A

Planning, starting and preventing voluntary movements (Issues with it can lead to impulsive behavior)

42
Q

parietal lobe

A

Somatosensory reception - contains association areas that integrate responses to auditory, visual, and somatosensory stimuli.

43
Q

occipital lobe

A

Primary visual reception area

44
Q

temporal lobe

A

auditory reception

45
Q

insular lobe

A

hidden lobe. You would have to pull the temporal lobe up to see it.

Taste, auditory processing, emotion, homeostasis, self awareness, cognitive functioning.

46
Q

limbic system

A

6th “virtual lobe”

no anatomical area, just a conglomerate of a # of distinct anatomical areas that can be considered a system/lobe because of their function.

motivation, sex drive, emotional behavior.

47
Q

Wernicke’s area

A

Auditory comprehension. interpreting spoken language.

48
Q

Heschls Gyrus

A

primary auditory processing area.

49
Q

Broca’s area

A

Producing spoken language - motor speech

50
Q

Projection fibers

A

connect the cortex with distant locations. (ex. corona radiata)

51
Q

association fibers (white matter)

A

provide communication between regions of the same hemisphere.

short - connect neurons of one gyrus to the next

long - connect lobes of brain within same hemisphere.

52
Q

commissural fibers (white matter)

A

connects the cerebral hemispheres (ex. corpus collosum)

53
Q

Basal ganglia (white matter)

A

a group of cell bodies intimately related to the control of background movement and initiation of movement patterns.

54
Q

Cerebrovascular System

A

the vascular system of the brain maintains constant circulation required by the nervous system.

55
Q

Thalamus

A

Gray matter sensory relay station

56
Q

Hypophysis

A

pituitary gland = makes essential hormones

57
Q

affects of lesions on cranial nerves

A

Paralysis: gross limitation of movement
paresis: partial paralysis
hemiplegia: one-sided paralysis

58
Q

corticospinal tract

A

descends from motor cortex to spinal column. (EFFERENT)

59
Q

corticobulbar tract

A

descends from motor cortex to the brain stem. (EFFERENT)

60
Q

what happens if there is a lesion on the Lower Motor Neuron?

A

Loss of excitation, hypotonia (loss of muscle tone)

61
Q

what happens if there is a lesion on the upper motor neuron?

A

Loss of inhibition, hypertonia (excess of tone)

62
Q

cranial nerves are controlled?

A

bilaterally and by upper motor neurons. so if one side is damaged at the upper motor neuron level, there may still be control because the other side is intact.

63
Q

spinal nerves are controlled?

A

contralateral and by lower motor neurons. Affects can be more marked in that case.

64
Q

arcuate fasciculus

A

connects Broca’s area and Wernicke’s area

65
Q

Anterior spinothalamic tract

A

pathway from spinal nerves to cortex, carries somatosensory info. to the thalamus (AFFERENT)

66
Q

A visual representation of the proportion of the precentral gyrus devoted to various parts of the body

A

motor homunculus

67
Q

spinal arc reflex

A

Fundamental responses that take place at the spinal or brainstem level. (doesn’t require higher processing in the thalamus)

68
Q

Dysarthria

A

Difficulties in the production of speech

Resulting from: Paralysis, weakness, or dyscoordination of speech musculature.

Flaccid, Spastic, Ataxic

69
Q

Dyspraxia/Apraxia

A

Difficulties finding right words and initiating speech process (can come along with dysarthria)

resulting from: damage to supplementary motor area, insular cortex

70
Q

Wernicke’s Aphasia

A

difficulty processing what is heard “word salad”

71
Q

Aphasia

A

problem with language in the brain as a result of a problem in brain.

brain damage

72
Q

Broca’s Aphasia

A

you an comprehend what you hear you just have difficulty producing speech

73
Q

Conduction Aphasia

A

damage to arcuate fasciculus. a person can comprehend speech and written material but cannot repeat what is heard.

74
Q
A

Anatomical Terms (9 decks)

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