neuroanatomy 1 Flashcards
What is the central nervous system (CNS) made up of?
-Brain
-Spinal cord
What is the peripheral nervous system (PNS) made up of?
-Everything else
-Nerves (e.g. motor and sensory pathways) that connect the organs to the CNS
What is the brain made up of?
-Cerebrum
-Cerebellum
-Brain stem
-2 hemispheres; left and right
Describe the difference between contralateral and ipsilateral
-Contralateral = meaning opposite sides of the body
-Ipsilateral = meaning same side of the body
Describe the blood flow to the brain
-Constant flow
-20% of blood flow from heart goes to the brain
The top of the brain can be referred to as…
-Superior
-Dorsal
The bottom of the brain can be referred to as…
-Inferior
-Ventral
The back of the brain can be referred to as…
-Posterior
-Caudal
The front of the brain can be referred to as…
-Anterior
-Rostral
Medial refers to…
-Going towards the middle
Lateral refers to…
-Going towards the side
What are the 3 planes and sections?
-Frontal/Coronal = Parallel to the forehead
-Sagittal = Parallel to the wall
-Horizontal = Parallel to the ground
What does grey matter and white matter refer to?
-Grey matter refers to cell bodies and dendrites
-E.g. cortex, basal ganglia, thalamus
-White matter refers to myelinated axons
-E.g. corpus collosum
What is the pathway called that connects the left and right side of the hemispheres?
-Commissure
Describe the use of the corpus collosum
-Largest bundle of nerve fibres
-Allows communication of hemispheres of the brain
What is the meninges?
-Protection of nervous system
-3 layers of tough connective tissue that protect the CNS
-Dura mater - durable and thick but unstretchable
-Pia mater
-Arachnoid membrane - soft and spongy
-Also subarachnoid space containing cerebrospinal fluid, allowing buoyancy that sits between layers of tissue
Describe what’s part of the Ventricular System
-Ventricles are hollow cavities that are filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
-2 lateral ventricles
-Contains membrane called choroid plexus which produces CSF by filtering blood
-Allows exchange of materials between blood vessels and brain tissue
What is the blood-brain barrier?
-Semipermeable barrier
-Allows lipid, soluble and small substances to pass through (oxygen)
-Substances with large molecules such as glucose has to be transported through walls
-Maintains a stable environment and protect damaging chemicals
-Selectively permeable
Briefly describe cerebral cortex
-Outer surface of cerebrum
-3mm thick
-Folded to allow larger surface area, more neurons
-Contains around 60 billion neurons, which play a vital role in perception, cognition and control of movement
What is sulci and gyri?
-Sulci refers to cracks and grooves
-Central sulcus
-Gyri refers to folds and bulges
-Pre-central gyrus
-Postcentral gyrus
-Sylvian fissure/lateral fissure
-If the grooves are major then these are fissures
Describe the frontal lobe
-Links to motor and cognition
Describe the parietal lobe
-Links to somatosensory
Describe the occipital lobe
-Links to vision
Describe the temporal lobe
-Links to hearing, vision, cognition and emotion
What primary areas receive info from the senses?
-Primary somatosensory cortex (splits frontal and parietal)
-Primary visual cortex - receives visual information (back of occipital)
-Primary auditory cortex - receives auditory information (in the middle of the brain)
What primary areas send info connecting muscles in the body?
-Primary motor cortex (splits frontal and parietal, to the left of primary somatosensory cortex)
What are the primary association areas?
-Visual association cortex (bottom of temporal)
-Auditory association cortex (top of temporal)
-Somatosensory cortex (part of the parietal lobe)
