emotion and the brain Flashcards
What 3 things can an emotional response be split into?
-Behavioural
-Autonomic
-Hormonal
What is the affect for emotion?
-Short in duration
-Intense
-Clear target
What is the affect for mood?
-Longer in duration
-On background
-No real target
What did Ekman (1969) suggest?
-Basic emotions
-6 ones that give insight into affective state
-Anger, Happiness, Sadness, Fear, Disgust and Surprise
-7th emotion was then added = Contempt
What was the study that Ekman (1969) did?
-Ppts shown pictures and had to link it up to a label
-Labels were given so expression could only fit with one of the 7 labels
What did Ekman (1969) suggest about universality?
-Basic emotions are universal
-Don’t need to be learned
What did Ekman (1969) research find?
New Guinea and Borneo population:
-Surprise and fear seem to be confused
-Fear and anger seem to be confused
-Happy stimuli recognised consistently
US, Brazil and Japan:
-Happy, disgust, sadness and surprise were consistent
-Fear and surprise confused
-Anger and disgust confused
Have there been any replications of Ekman (1969)?
-Sorenson (1975) failed to replicate using free labelling
What are some other criticisms of Ekman (1969)?
-Language influence cognition e.g. colour perception
-Some emotions are too complex e.g. is grief a mood or an emotion
What is complete specialisation?
-Some researchers said that there were different centres for different emotions
What is complete dispersion?
-Other researchers said that it wasn’t just from one centre, instead the entire brain is involved in that emotion
What are the parts of Papez (1937) Circuit?
-Cingulate Gyrus
–> Cingulum
-Parahippocampal region
-Subiculum (hippocampus)
–> Fornix
-Mammillary Bodies
–> MTT
-Anterior Thalamic Nuclei
Why was Papez also wrong?
-Found that some areas he included are actually important for other things such as memory e.g. hippocampus
-Found that some things that aren’t included can be linked to emotions e.g. amygdala
What are problems with human research?
-Lack high spatial resolution
-Lack high temporal resolution
What is cued fear conditioning?
-Pre test = no shock
-Conditioning = autonomic system starts going up, shocks begin to be given along side tone
-Post test = the tone is now associated with shock, despite it not being there
What is context fear conditioning?
-If the rat is chocked by blue base then he will be fearful and conditioning takes place
-If changed to purple base then the rat isn’t that fearful
-Relies on context
How can brain stimulation be used?
-See what it does to the behaviour of the rats
-Works the opposite way to conditioning
What is extinction?
-When CS is presented repeatedly without aversive stimulus, CR eventually disappears
-It’s not about forgetting, it’s relearning
What did Oschner et al., (2002) find?
-When negative images are changed to positive context then the activation occurs in the PFC, and is inhibited in the amygdala
What did Vergatillito et al., (2018) find?
-rVLPFC would regulate negative affect in preventing dangerous situations
-Sees things as not a threat
-Interoceptive = heartbeat, arousal etc.
-Exteroceptive = environmental changes
What is emotion regulation important for?
-Important for anxiety disorders, depressive disorders, aggression and impulsivity
-Can use it as cognitive appraisals e.g. public speaking, presentations
What application did Brooks (2013) look into?
-Reappraise anxiousness as excitement
