Neuro: Sleep Flashcards

1
Q

What is an electroencephalogram (EEG)?

A

A measurement of electrical activity generated by the brain and recorded from the scalp

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2
Q

What exactly is does each electrode of an electroencephalogram (EEG) measure?

A

Each electrode measures the combined activity of a large number (1000s) of similarly orientated neurons.

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3
Q

Why does the activity of a large group of neurons need to be synchronous in order for an electroencephalogram to detect their activity?

A
  • Because when the activity of a large group of neurons are synchronous their electrical activity is able to be added or summed so that they can produce a strong signal on the EEG
  • When the activity isn’t synchronous the electrical activity of those neurons aren’t able to be added so the signal on the EEG isn’t strong
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4
Q

Different electroencephalogram rhythms are associated with different behaviours. Give some examples of Electroencephalogram rhythms and the behaviour they’re associated with

A
  • A high frequency low amplitude EEG rhythm (Beta rhythm) is associated with alertness and wakefullness
  • A low frequency high amplitude EEG rhythm (Delta rhythm) is associated with non-REM sleep or a coma
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5
Q

What are the 2 main ways in which the brain is able to produce synchronous brain rhythms?

A
  • Can be generated by a central clock/pacemaker (thalamus)
  • Can be generated by collective behaviour of cortical neurons themselves
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6
Q

Explain how the thalamus is able to produce synchronous brain rhythms

A
  • Thalamus has vast connections to cerebral cortex
  • Synaptic connections between excitatory and inhibitory thalamic neurons force each neuron to conform to rhythm of the group
  • This co-ordinated rhythm can then be passed down to thalamo-cortical neurons in the cortex
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7
Q

Explain how the collective behaviour of cortical neurons produces a synchronous brain rhythm

A
  • Excitatory and inhibitory interconnections of cortical neurons results in co-ordinated and synchronous activity of the cortical neurons
  • This activity can remain local or be passed on to other areas of cortex
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8
Q

What are the functions of brain rhythms?

A

One hypothesis is that brain rhythms don’t have a function themselves but are instead by-products of the activity of brain circuits

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9
Q

What is sleep?

A

Sleep is the readily reversible state of reduced responsiveness to, and interaction with, the environment.

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10
Q

What are the different functional states of the brain?

A
  • Wakefulllness
  • Non-REM sleep - Body capable of involuntary movement, not accompanied by vivid dreams
  • REM-sleep - Body immobilised, vivid dreams
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11
Q

What are the different brain rhythms that are seen during the different functional brain states?

A
  • Wakefullness - alpha, beta and gamma rhythms
  • Non-REM sleep - beta and gamma rhythms
  • REM sleep rhythms divided into 4 stages:
    • Stage 1 - Theta rhythms
    • Stage 2 - Spindle rhythms
    • Stage 3 - Delta rhythms
    • Stage 4 - Delta rhythms (higher amplitude/lower frequency than stage 3)
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12
Q

What physiological changes occur during Non-REM sleep?

A
  • Tempearture decreases
  • Heart rate decreases
  • Breathing decreases
  • Brain energy consumption decreases
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13
Q

What physiological changes occur during REM sleep?

A
  • Temperature decreases massively
  • Heart decreases and become irregular
  • Breathing decreases and becomes irregular
  • Brain energy consumption increases massively (even higher than when we’re awake)
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14
Q

Briefly describe the stages of the sleep cycle

A
  • Sleep cycle icludes 4 different stages - 3 non-REM sleep stages and then REM sleep
  • Each night starts out with a period of non-REM sleep
  • You then cycle through the first 3 stages of sleep throughout the night with the cycle starting over every 90 minutes
  • You cycle through these stages until you shift into REM sleep
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15
Q

What are the theories for why we sleep?

A
  • Restoration - We sleep to rest and recover/prepare to be awake again
  • Adaptation - We sleep to protect ourselves and to conserve energy
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16
Q

What happens to the activity of the brain during wakefulness?

A
  • During wakefulness there’s an increase in brainstem activity
  • Several sets of neurons increase firing in anticipation of waking up which enhances the wake state
  • These neurons include: Cholinergic neurons in basal forebrain, Adrenergic neurons in locus coeruleus and serotonergic neurons in raphe nuclei
  • These neurons project to the thalamus and cortex so increase in their activity supresses the rhythmic firing of both of these areas seen during sleep
17
Q

What happens to the activity of the brain as we sleep?

A
  • During sleep there’s a decrease in brain activity
  • Several sets of neurons decrease firing during sleep
  • These neurons include: Cholinergic neurons in the basal forebrain; serotonergic neurons in the raphe nuclei and the adrenergic neurons in locus coeruleus
  • This induces rhythmic activity of thalamus and by extension the cortex
  • However, cholinergic neurons in the pons increase firing - induces REM sleep
18
Q

Name some sleep-promoting factors

A
  • Adenosine
  • Nitric oxide
  • Inflammatory mediators
  • Melatonin
19
Q

What are the effects that adenosine has on the body during sleep?

A
  • Adenosine receptor activation decreases heart rate and breathing rate
  • Also causes smooth muscle relaxation
20
Q

What are the effects that nitric oxide has on the body during sleep?

A
  • Nitric oxide also causes smooth muscle relaxation
  • Also causes adenosine release
21
Q

What are the effects of inflammatory mediators on the body during sleep?

A
  • Sleepiness common symptom of infection so inflammatoty mediators may help induce sleep?
  • Interleukin-1 shown to promote non-REM sleep
22
Q

What are the effects that melatonin has on the body during sleep?

A
  • Secreted by pineal body at night
  • Initiates and maintains sleep
23
Q

What are circadian rhythms?

A
  • A natural internal 24 hour cycle that some physiological processes of the body follow
  • Based on cycle of daylight and darkness
24
Q

What happens to circadian rhythms of animals when you remove the daylight to darkness cycle? What does this show?

A
  • The circadian rhythms continue
  • This shows that the primary clocks for circadian rhythms are biological (brain clocks)
25
Q

What is the collective term for environmental time cues?

A

Zeitgebergs

26
Q

Explain what happens to the circadian rhythms of humans when all zeitgebers (environmental cues) are gone

A
  • Said to be in a “free-running” state
  • This is where the length of the circadian rhythms remains constant but the times at which they are initiated/ended are different to a normal situation
27
Q

What structure within the brain is the human biological clock?

A

The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the hypothalamus

28
Q

What is the function of the suprachiasmatic nucleus?

A

Receives information from retina and uses it to synchronise our circadian rhythms with the day-night cycle

29
Q

How is the suprachiasmatic nucleus able to synchronise our circadian rhythms with the day-night cycle?

A
  • Specialised photoreceptor cells in the retina that express melanopsin detect changes in illumination
  • In response to light these receptors become activated and send signals to the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)
  • This inhibits the pineal gland in the hypothalamus from secreting melatonin which induces sleep