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Physiology 2 > Neuro: Emotion > Flashcards

Neuro: Emotion Flashcards

1
Q

What are the different aspects of emotion?

A
  • Emotional expression (mainfestation of emotion - facial expression)
  • Emotional experience (feeling of emotion)
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2
Q

Explain how the elevated-plus maze experiment is used to measure the emotional expression of anxiety in mice

A
  • Mice were placed in the centre of a plus-maze and left to explore the plus-maze for 5 mins
  • Plus-maze is elevated off of ground and consists to two open arms and two closed arms
  • During 5 mins you measure amount of time mouse spends in each portion of elevated-plus maze
  • If mouse feels anxious of height it’ll spend more time in closed arms and if it feels less anxious of height it’ll spend more time in centre/open arms
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3
Q

Explain how the forced-swim test is used to measure the expression of depressive-like behaviour/emotion in mice

A
  • Forced-swim test involves placing a mouse inside a beaker filled with water (5L beaker)
  • Initially when mouse placed in wateer it’ll start swimming around in the beaker for about 4-5 mins
  • After this time mouse will want stop swimming and get out of the water so will start to try and get out of the water
  • After it realises it can’t get out mouse will only move to stop its head from entering water (immobilisation)
  • The time mouse spends immobilisised in water indicates depressive-like behaviour
  • If mouse spends more time in immobilisied state it shows depressive-like behaviour but if it continues to try and get out for longer it shows non-depressive like behaviour
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4
Q

What does the James-Lange theory of emotions state?

A
  • States that we experience emotions in response to physiological changes in our body
  • E.g. When you see a cobra you will first express that emotion - start sweating/heart beats faster and then because of that expression of emotion you will then experience/feel that emotion (fear)
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5
Q

What does the Cannon-Bard theory of emotions state?

A
  • States that we can experience emotions independently of emotional expression
  • E.g. When you first see a cobra you will experience that emotion (feel fear) and because of this you then express that emotion - you start to sweat/heart beats faster
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6
Q

What area of the brain is resonsible for producing emotion?

A
  • Limbic lobe - Areas of brain that form a ring around corpus callosum
  • These areas include - cingulate gyrus, medial surface of temporal lobe and hippocampus
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7
Q

Explain the papez circuit of the limbic system and how it allows us to experience and express emotion

A
  • Necortex gets activated in response to a stimuli
  • In neocortex emotional colouring takes place (value added to emotion)
  • Neocortex then sends signal to cingulate cortex
  • Cingulate cortex is where emotional experience occurs
  • After this cingulate cortex activates hippocampus which goes on to activate hypothalamus via the fornix
  • Hypothalamus is where emotional expression then takes place
  • Hypothalamus then activates ANS and endocrine which allow for physical manifestation of emotion - e.g. crying
  • Hypothalamus activates anterior nuclei of the thalamus which then further activates the cingulate cortex
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8
Q

What brain structures are part of the limbic system?

A
  • Cingulate gyrus/cortex
  • Parahippocampal structures
  • Amygdala
  • Enthorinal cortex
  • Hippocampus - (dentate gyrus, CA1-CA4 areas)
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9
Q

What are some functions of the cingulate gyrus?

A
  • Complex motor control
  • Pain perception
  • Social interactions
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10
Q

What are some functions of the hippocampus and parahippocampal structures?

A
  • Memory (specifically memory consolidation)
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11
Q

What are some functions of the Amgydala?

A
  • Involved in learning and storage of emotional experiences
  • Critical in feelings of fear, aggression and anxiety
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12
Q

Where specifically within the brain is amygdala located?

A
  • The amygdala are underneath the hypothalamus on either side of it within the two hemispheres
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13
Q

What are the names of the different nuclei within the amygdala?

A
  • Central nucleus
  • Basolateral nuclei
  • Corticomedial nuclei
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14
Q

What areas of the brain does the amygdala receive input from?

A
  • Receives input from the neocortex, hippocampus and cingulate gyrus
  • Basolateral nucleus specifically receives input from sensory systems
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15
Q

What areas of the brain does the amygdala output to?

A

Amygdala sends output to the hypothalamus

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16
Q

What is Kluver-Bucy syndrome and what are the symptoms?

A
  • Kluver-Bucy syndrome is a syndrome resulting from the lesioning of the medial temporal lobe in monkeys
  • The medial temporal lobe contains the amygdala and hippocampus so some of the symptoms include:
    • Psychic blindness - couldn’t place emotional importance/meaning to an object
    • Oral tendencies
    • Reduced fear
    • Hypersexual behaviour
17
Q

What symptoms occur in humans when subjected to an Amygdalectomy (removal of the amygdala)?

A
  • Reduced fear
  • Reduced aggression
  • Flattened emotions
  • Reduced ability to reconise fear in someone else
18
Q

What symptoms occur in humans as a result of eletrical stimulation of the amygdala?

A
  • Anxiety
  • Fear
  • Aggression
19
Q

Apart from processing fear, what other aspects of fear is the amygdala involved in?

A
  • Involved in learning and memory of fear
  • Also involved in attaching emotion to specific memories
20
Q

How do we know that the amygdala is involved in attaching particular emotion to memories?

A
  • In an experiment participants were shown a series of images and when shown some of the images they were given an electric shock while with other imgaes they weren’t
  • The brains of each of the participants were then imaged using PET scans and the participants were shown those same images
  • The scans showed that when the participants were shown the images in which were paired with the electric shock there was increase in activity of the Amygdala
21
Q

What are the two types of aggression?

A
  • Predatory aggression
  • Affective aggression
22
Q

What is predatory aggression?

A
  • Attacks made against a member of a different species with a specific motivation for the attack e.g. for food
23
Q

What is affective aggression?

A
  • Aggression for show - aggression to exert dominance over someone or a group
24
Q

Apart from the amygdala what other brain regions are involved in aggression?

A

Hypothalamus

25
Q

Describe the experiment that showed that the hypothalamus is involved in aggression

A
  • Removal of cerebral hemispheres but not the hypothalamus in cats resulted in sham rage
  • When experiment was repeated but they also removed the anterior hypothalamus the cats also experinenced sham rage
  • However, when the experiment was repeated a third time but they removed the cerebral hemispheres, and both the anterior and posterior hypothalamus the cat didn’t experience sham rage
26
Q

What type of aggression was exhibited in cats when their medial hypothalamus was stimulated? What type of aggression did they then exhibit when their lateral hypothalamus was stimulated?

A
  • Stimulation of medial hypothalamus - Affective aggression
  • Stimulation of the lateral hypothalamus - Predatory aggression
27
Q

Describe the neural circuit pathway for anger and aggression

A
  • Specific stimuli leads to activation of cerebral cortex
  • Cerebral cortex then activates Amygdala
  • Amygdala then sends signal to hypothalamus as well as ventral tegmental area (VTA) and periqueductal grey area (PAG)
  • Hypothalamus also signals to VTA and PAG
  • Ventral tegmental area and Periqueductal grey area then produce aggressive response
28
Q

How is serotonin correlated with agression?

A
  • Serotonin levels inveresly related to aggression - low serotonin levels associated with increased aggression
  • Serotonin antagonists increase aggression
  • Agonists of 5-HT1A or 5-HT1B decrease anxiety and agressivness

Physiology 2 (29 decks)

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