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Physiology 2 > Neuro: Neurotransmitters Systems III: Monoamines > Flashcards

Neuro: Neurotransmitters Systems III: Monoamines Flashcards

1
Q

What systems control behaviour in the CNS?

A
  • Autonomic nervous sytem
  • Hypothalamic-pituitary neurohormones
  • Diffuse monoamine system
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2
Q

What are the 4 main systems that make up the diffuse monoamine pathway?

A
  • Noradrenergic Locus Coeruleus
  • Serotonergic Raphe Nuclei
  • Dopaminergic Substantia Nigra and Ventral tegmental Area
  • Cholinergic Basal Forebrain and Brain Stem Complexes
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3
Q

What are the common principles of the 4 diffuse monoamine systems?

A
  • Small set of neurons at core
  • Arise from the brain stem
  • One neuron influences many others
  • Synapses release neurotransmitter molecules into extracellular fluid
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4
Q

Describe the Noradrenaline pathway within the brain

A
  • Synthesised in the Locus coeruleus
  • Gets released via adrenergic neurons into the cortex, cerebellum, amygdala, spinal cord and hypothalamus
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5
Q

What are some of the effects of Noradrenaline on the body?

A
  • Increases arousal, wakefullness and exploration
  • Increases heart rate and blood pressure
  • Plays a role in addiction/gambling
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6
Q

Are Adrenergic receptors pre-synaptic (autoreceptors) or post-synaptic?

A

Noradrenergic receptors can be either pre-synaptic (autoreceptors) or post-synaptic

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7
Q

What type of receptor are Noradrenergic recptors?

A

Metabotropic receptors

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8
Q

What are the different types of Adrenergic receptor? - for each receptor name the G protein its coupled to and by extension what enzyme each of those G proteins activates or inhibits

A
  • α1 - Gq which activates Phospholipase C
  • α2 - Gi/o which inhibits adenylate cyclase
  • β - Gs which activates adenylate cyclase
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9
Q

What effect does the activation of each type of Adrenergic receptor have on the body?

A
  • α1 - Causes smooth muscle contraction and glycogenelysis
  • α2 - Inhibits Noradrenaline release (autoreceptor) and inhibits smooth muscle contraction
  • β - Causes smooth muscle relaxation, cardiac muscle contraction and Glycogenelysis
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10
Q

What transporter is responsible for the reuptake of Noradrenaline back into the pre-synaptic neurone?

A
  • Noradrenaline transporter (NET)
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11
Q

Once Noradrenaline is taken back up into pre-synaptic neurone via NET what happens to it?

A

Noradrenaline is then broken down by Monoamine oxidase (MAO)

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12
Q

What effect does reserpine have on Noradrenaline?

A
  • Inhibits vesicular uptake of NA causing NA stores to deplete
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13
Q

What effect does Amphetamine have on Noradrenaline?

A
  • Displaces NA within vesicles causing NA concentration within cytoplasm to increase
  • This causes more NA to be released into synaptic cleft
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14
Q

What effect does Cocaine have on Noradrenaline?

A
  • Blocks NA re-uptake
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15
Q

Explain how Dopamine is synthesised

A
  • Tyrosine is converted into DOPA via tyrosine hydroxylase
  • DOPA is converted into Dopamine via DOPA decarboxylase
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16
Q

What are the 2 families of Dopamine receptor? What receptors are included in each family?

A
  • D1-like family - Includes D1 and D5 receptors
  • D2-like family - Includes D2, D3 and D4 receptors
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17
Q

What G protein are the D1-like receptors and D2-like receptors coupled to and what enzyme do these type of receptors activate/inhibit?

A
  • D1-like receptors: Gs - Activates adenylate cyclase
  • D2-like receptors: Gi/o - Inhibits adenylate cyclase
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18
Q

There are dopamine receptors that are heterodimers containing a D1-like receptor and a D2-like receptor. What G protein is this type of receptor coupled to?

A

Gq - activates phospholipase C

19
Q

What transporter is responsible for the re-uptake of Dopamine?

A

Dopamine transporter (DAT)

20
Q

What happens to doapmine once it’s re-uptaken into pre-synaptic neuron?

A

It gets broken down by Monoamine oxidase B (MAOB)

21
Q

Describe the 4 different dopamine pathways within the brain

A
  • Nigrostriatal pathway - Substantia nigra (SN) - Striatum (Str)
  • Tubero-hypophyseal pathway - Hypothalamus - pituitary gland (via hypophyseal portal system)
  • Mesocortical pathway - Ventral tegmental area - Frontal cortex (includes nucleus accumbens)
  • Mesolimbic pathway - Ventral tegmental area (VTA) - Nucleus accumbens, Amygdala and hippocampus
22
Q

What does the binding of dopamine to the pituitary gland cause?

A

It prevents the release of prolactin from the pituitary gland

23
Q

What disease develops as a result of the degeneration of the dopaminergic neurons within the nigrostriatal pathway?

A

Parkinson’s disease

24
Q

What condition is caused by hyperactivity of the dopaminergic neurons within the mesolimbic pathway? Why is this?

A
  • This leads to Schizophrenia due to hyperactivity resulting in huge surge of dopamine release
25
Q

Describe the pathway of Serotonin within the brain

A
  • Serotonergic neurons all orginate from raphe nuclei
  • Serotonergic neurons project and release serotonin into:
    • Cerebellum
    • Cortex
    • Striatum
    • Hypothalamus
    • Amygdala
26
Q

What effect does Serotonin have on the body when released into Cortex, Amygdala and the Hypothalamus?

A
  • Cortex - heightened perception
  • Amygdala - elavated mood
  • Hypothalamus - reduced appetite
27
Q

Explain how Serotonin is synthesised

A
  • Tryptophan is converted into 5-Hydroxytryptophan via the enzyme tryptophan hydoxylase
  • 5-Hydrotrptophan is then converted to Serotonin (5-HT) via the enzyme L-aromatic acid decarboxylase
28
Q

What transporter is responsible for the re-uptake of serotonin?

A

Serotonin transporter (SERT)

29
Q

What happens to serotonin once its taken back up into pre-synaptic neuron?

A

It gets broken down by monoamine oxidase

30
Q

What are the different types of Serotonin receptor?

A
  • 5-HT1
  • 5-HT2
  • 5-HT3
  • 5-HT4
  • 5-HT5
  • 5-HT6
  • 5-HT7
31
Q

What type of receptor are each of the seronin receptors?

A
  • All Serotonin receptors are G-protein coupled receptors EXCEPT 5-HT3
  • 5-HT3 is a ligand gated ion channel receptor
32
Q

Name all the different subtypes of serotonin receptor

A
  • 5-HT1A - 5-HT1F
  • 5-HT2A - 5-HT2C
  • 5-HT3 (no subtypes)
  • 5-HT4 (no subtypes)
  • 5-HT5A - 5-HT5B (no subtypes)
  • 5-HT6 (no subtypes)
  • 5HT7 (no subtypes)
33
Q

Give some functions for each type of serotonin receptor

A
  • 5-HT1 (inhibitory) – limbic system: mood, migraine
  • 5-HT2 (5-HT2A), (excitatory), limbic system & cortex
  • 5-HT3 (excitatory), medulla – vomiting
  • 5-HT4 presynaptic facilitation (ACh) – cognitive enhancement
  • 5-HT6 and 5-HT7 – cognition, sleep
34
Q

Briefly describe the general structure of a transporter

A
  • 12 transmembrane domains
  • Both ends are intracellular
35
Q

Describe the acetylcholine pathways within the brain

A
  • Nucleus basalis - Cortex (main pathway)
  • Septohippocampal pathway - Septum - Hippocampus
  • Substantia nigra - Thalamus
  • Striatum
36
Q

Describe how Acetylcholine is synthesised

A
  • Acetylcholine produced from Choline via Acetyl Coenzyme A
37
Q

Explain how Acetylcholine is degraded

A
  • Acetylcholine broken down into Choline and Acetate via cholinesterase enzyme
38
Q

What are the two types of Acetylcholine receptor and for each state what type of receptor they are?

A
  • Nicotinic aceylcholine receptor (Ligand gated ion channel)
  • Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (G-protein coupled receptor)
39
Q

What are the different types of muscarinic acetylcholine receptor? For each type state whether they’re excitatory or inhibitory

A
  • M1 - excitatory
  • M2 - inhibitory
  • M3 - excitatory
  • M4 - ?
  • M5 - ?
40
Q

What are some general effects of Acetylcholine within the brain?

A

Involved in:

  • Arousal
  • Epilepsy
  • Schizophrenia, depression, ADHD, anxiety
  • Learning and memory
41
Q

Apart from monoamines what are some other types of neurotransmitter?

A
  • Histamine
  • Purines (ATP)
  • Neuropeptides (opioid peptides)
42
Q

What effects does Amphetamine have on the body?

A
  • More alert more aggression
  • Excitement
  • Anorexia (acts as appetite suppressant)
  • Decreased physical and mental fatigue
43
Q

What are some therapeutic uses of Amphetamines?

A
  • Treat ADHD, narcolepsy
44
Q

What effects does cocaine have on the body?

A
  • Euphoria
  • More aggression
  • Heightened pleasure

Physiology 2 (29 decks)

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