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Neurology > neuro quiz 3 > Flashcards

neuro quiz 3 Flashcards

1
Q

most nerves in the PNS have a covering called..

A

neurilemma - covers Schwann cell and is important in repair

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2
Q

stage 1 PNS repair

A

degeneration

(chromatolysis - nissl bodies in cell break up, provides metabolic support for regeneration to occur)

&

Wallerian degeneration - damaged axon and myelin disintegrate, neurilemma remain)

(chromatolysis is concurrent w wallerian degeneration)

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3
Q

regeneration - Stage 2 PNS repair

A
  • dependent on Scwhann cells
  • they multiply by mitosis and grow to form a regeneration tube
  • neurolemma forms tube
  • buds of regenerating axons fill tube until axon is fully regrown
  • grow at 1-1.5mm per day
  • myelin sheath is now grown and covers axon
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4
Q

conditions that must be present for regeneration

A
  1. neurons must be located in PNS
  2. intact cell body
  3. myelination by functional Schwann cells having a neurolemma
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5
Q

birth of a new neuron from a stem cell

A

neurogenesis

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6
Q

after an injury, if the ________ is intact and there is a functioning _____ cell, the axon may be repaired

A

cell body

schwann cell

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7
Q
  • temporary interupption of conduction w/o loss of axonal continuity
  • everything still intact
  • NO wallerian degeneration
  • often sensory/motor problems distal to injury
A

neuropraxia

most mild injury

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8
Q
  • damage to axon and myelin
  • sensory and motor deficits distal to injury
  • no nerve conduction distal to injury
  • wallerian deg distal to injury site
  • prognosis = good
A

axonotmesis

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9
Q
  • total severance of nerve fiber
  • partial or incomplete
  • sensory or motor problems and autonomic defects are severe
  • no nerve conduction distal to injury site
  • wallerian degeneration distal to injury
    -sx needed - prognosis = not good
A

neurotmesis

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10
Q

what temperature are cold receptors (A fibres) activated by

A

10 & 40

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11
Q

what temp are warm receptors (C fibers) activated by

A

32 and 48 (90-118)

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12
Q

what temp stimulates pain receptors producing painful sensations

A

below 10 & 48

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13
Q

what are thermoreceptors

A

free nerve endings that have receptive fields about 1 mm in diameter on the skin surface

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14
Q

fast pain =

A

myelinated A fibers
superficial - acute, sharp, pricking

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15
Q

slow pain =

A

unmyelinated C fibers
excruciating, chronic, burning, aching, throbbing
deeper and internal organs

(toothache)

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16
Q

3 types of proprioceptors

A
  1. mm spindles
  2. GTO
  3. joint kinesthetic receptors (in synovial joint capsules)
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17
Q

4 events that occur for sensation to arise

A
  1. stimulation of a sensory receptor (stimulus occurs within the receptors “receptive field”
  2. transduction of the stimulus (a sensory receptor converts the energy in the stimulus into a graded potential) it can transduce (convert) only one type of stimulus
  3. generation of nerve impulses
  4. integration of sensory input (integrated in cerebral cortex)
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18
Q

what are sensory neurons called that conduct impulses from the PNS to the CNS

A

first-order neurons

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19
Q

physical stimulus –> transduction –> transmission –> analysis and integration

A
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20
Q

bare dendrites associated w pain, thermal, tickle, itch, some touch sensations

A

free nerve endings

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21
Q

dendrites enclosed in connective tissue capsule for pressure, vibration, some touch sensations

A

encapsulated nerve endings

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22
Q

receptor cells synapse w first order neurons located in retina, inner ear, taste buds of tongue

A

separate cells

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23
Q

located in blood vessels, viseral organs
monitor conditions internally
not consciously perceived

A

interoceptors (visceroceptors)

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24
Q

sensitive to stimuli like deformation, stretching, bending of cells

provide sensations of touch, pressure, vibration, proprioception, hearing, equilibrium

monitor stretching of blood vessels and internal organs

A

mechanoreceptors

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25
Q

detect changes in temperature

A

thermoreceptors

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26
Q

respond to painful stimuli resulting from physical or chemical damage to the tissue

A

nociceptors

27
Q

detect light that strikes the retina of the eye

A

photoreceptors

28
Q

detect chemicals in the mouth, nose and body fluids

A

chemoreceptors

29
Q

detect osmotic pressure of body fluids

A

osmoreceptors

(CSF, blood)

30
Q

encapsulated receptors (slowly adapting) in the dermis, subcutaneous tissue

highly sensitive to stretching

A

bulbous corpuscles/ ruffini corpuscles

31
Q

sensory neurons that conduct nerve impulses from somatic sesnory receptors into brainstem or spinal cord

A

first order neurons

32
Q

conduct nerve impulses from the brainstem or spinal cord to thalamus

A

second order

axons of second order neurons decussate as they move through brainstem or spinal cord before ascending into the thalamus

33
Q

conduct nerve impulses from the thalamus to the primary somatosensory cortex on the same side

A

third order

34
Q

each piece of incoming information is combined w other arriving and previously stored information in a process called ..

A

integration

35
Q

sensations are made up of

A
  1. levels and components of pathways that convey sensory nerve impulses from the body to the brain
  2. general sensations that result
36
Q

special senses modalities

A

smell
taste
vision
hearing
equilibrium / balance

37
Q

a sensory receptor is a structure of the nervous system that

A

monitors change in the external or internal environment

38
Q

where does the process of sensation begin

A

sensory receptor

39
Q

what is it called when the generator potential or receptor potential decreases in amplitude during a maintained, constant stimulus

A

adaptation

this causes the freqeuncy of nerve impulses in the first order neuron to decrease

40
Q

what are the areas w the highest density of somatic sensory receptors

A

tip of tongue
lips
fingertips

41
Q

arise from stimulating the skin surface

ex) pain, thermal, tactile

A

cutaneous sensations

42
Q

4 modalities of somatic sensation

A
  1. tactile
  2. thermal
  3. pain
  4. proprioceptive
43
Q

tactile sensations

A

touch, pressure, vibration, itch, tickle

44
Q

what tactile sensations are detected by encapsulated mechanoreceptors (A fiber)

A

touch, pressure, vibration

45
Q

what tactile sensations are detected by free nerve endings (C fibre)

A

itch and tickle

46
Q

2 types of rapidly adapting touch receptors

A
  1. Meissner corpuscles
    - dermal papillae of hairless skin
  2. hair root plexuses
    - free nerve endings wrapped around hair follicles
47
Q

2 types of slowly adapting touch receptors

A
  1. merkel discs
    - flattened free nerve endings
  2. ruffini corpuscles
    - encapsulated receptors deep in dermis
    - sensitive to stretching
48
Q

receptors that contribute to sensations of pressure include

A
  1. meissner corpuscles
  2. merkel discs
  3. pacinian corpuscles
49
Q

receptors for vibration sensations

A
  1. meissner - low freq.
  2. pacinian - higher freq.
50
Q

receptors for tickle

A

free nerve endings

51
Q

where are cold receptors located

A

stratum basale of epidermis

warm are in dermis

52
Q

nociceptors

A

free nerve endings found in every tissue of the body except the brain

53
Q

the visceral organ involved and the area to which the pain if referred are served by the _____

A

same segment of the spinal cord

54
Q

where are proprioceptors found

A

mm’s (especially postural mm’s)
tendons

55
Q

golgi tendon reflex steps

A
  1. neuron from golgi tendon organ fires
  2. motor neuron inhibited
  3. muscle relaxes
  4. load is dropped
56
Q

what responds to pressure in the capsules of joints

A

free nerve endings
ruffini corpuscles

57
Q

in the connective tissue, what responds to acceleration and deceleration of joints during movement

A

small Pacinian corpuscles

58
Q

where are conscious sensations or perceptions integrated

A

cerebral cortex

59
Q

when stimulated, dendrites of free nerve endings, encapsulated nerve endings and the receptive part of olfactory receptors produce ……

A

a generator potential

60
Q

detect light touch and pressure, located in the skin

A

merkel cells

61
Q

sense light touch and low frequency vibrations

in areas of high frequency

A

meissners corpuscles

62
Q

detect deep pressure and high frequency vibration

A

pacinian corpuscles

63
Q

sense skin stretch and sustained pressure

A

ruffini endings

Neurology (7 decks)

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