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Neurology > final > Flashcards

final Flashcards

1
Q

Jills thermoreceptors are sensitive to

A

both warm & cold temperatures

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2
Q

Why does Jill feel her shoulders are sore after her run

A

b/c of referred pain

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3
Q

If the stage lights got above 40°C which receptors would Kick in?

A

nociceptors

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4
Q

Which part of Jill’s brain is most likely contributing to her emotions

A

limbic

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5
Q

When Jill feels the heat of the lights, what process does the sensation go through before it reaches the brain?

A

Stimulation of a sensory receptor–> transduction of the stimulus →
generation of nerve – impulse integration of sensory input

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6
Q

When Jill is standing at the podium, which sensory receptors are providing information about her body position, muscle length and tension, position and motion of joints and equilibrium / balance?

A

proprioceptors

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7
Q

Where in Jills brain, does the sensory information about the hot lights, and her pain end
up?

A

primary somatosensory cortex in the parietal lobe

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8
Q

When Jill twisted her ankle, which of these receptors would likely have been stimulated?

A

golgi tendon organs
muscle spindles

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9
Q

Jill also feels some tingling in her toes. She may have injured a nerve when she twisted her ankle. List the possible peripheral nerve injuries from least to most severe

A

neuropraxia
axonotmesis
neurotmesis

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10
Q

Jill’s pounding heart is the result or which neurotransmitters in her autonomic nervous system

A

acetylcholine
norepinephrine

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11
Q

The cells that secrete acetylcholine are called

A

cholinergic

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12
Q

The synapses that these neurotransmitters travel across are known as

A

chemical

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13
Q

Input from the ANS is often from?

A

interoceptors

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14
Q

Which neural pathway consists of 2 motor neurons

A

somatic motor

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15
Q

The cell bodies of the sympathetic preganglionic neurons are located in the

A

lateral horn spinal cord in the thoracolumbar region specifically between the T1 and L2 spinal segments

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16
Q

The enteric division of the nervous system consists of

A

nerves and ganglia within the walls of the GI tract

regulates both the contraction of smooth muscle of the GI tract

secretion of the glands of digestion & works with the vagus

→ all of the above?

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17
Q

Cholinergic neurons release acetylcholine, while adrenergic neurons release

A

norepinephrine

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18
Q

Which sensory pathway carries impulses regarding coordination, posture, and balance from the limbs, trunk, and neck to cerebellum

A

spinocerebellar

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19
Q

Types of neurons conduct impulses from the thalamus to the primary Somatosensory area of the cerebral cortex

A

third order neuron

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20
Q

which describes each type of sensation-such as touch, pain, vision, or hearing

A

sensory modality

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21
Q

Which sensory pathway is carrying the pain impulse to Sarah’s cortex?

A

spinothalamic (anterolateral) pathway

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22
Q

Which type of cell is the P receptor in Sarah’s toe

A

free nerve ending

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23
Q

Which part of the autonomic nervous system contributed to Sarah’s feelings of anger

A

sympathetic nervous system

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24
Q

Why does Sarah’s anger feel quick and intense but it maye take her a bit to calm down

A

b/c the sympathetic nervous system response is more diffuse than parasympathetic

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25
Q

Why did Sarah feel the sharp pain before the dull ache

A

b/c the sharp pain travels on myelinated A fibers

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26
Q

What is the name of the reflex that sarah experienced when her leg bent, in response to stubbing her toe

A

flexor (withdrawal) reflex

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27
Q

What would Sarah’s right leg do, automatically, when she bent her leg and lifted it off the ground

A

extend and engage to keep her from falling

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28
Q

The part of the sensory pathway that carried the pain Impulse from Sarah’s toe to the nervous system is also Known as

A

first order neuron

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29
Q

The tract that carries information to Sarah’s brain, would cross in the spinal cord

A

true

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30
Q

The last myotome Tommy can move is C4. This means that he can

A

shrug his shoulders but can’t abduct them

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31
Q

Tommy would have feelings in his face but nothing else

A

false

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32
Q

What is the outermost protective layer of Tommys spinal cord

A

dura

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33
Q

Tommy’s injury would be considered an

A

upper motor neuron injury

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34
Q

Which of these tracts is in Tommy’s posterior spinal cord

A

dorsal columns medial lemniscus

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35
Q

Cerebral Spinal fluid comes from the

A

ventricles in the brain produced by the choroid plexus

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36
Q

The nerve which allows him to use his facial muscles for this is the

A

CN VII (7) facial

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37
Q

Type of sensation Perkinjie (Pacininian) corpuscles respond to

A

pressure

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38
Q

Which of these nerves arises from the lumbosacral plexus

A

femoral nerve

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39
Q

What do astrocytes do

A

create the blood brain barrier

40
Q

Oligodendrocytes produce myelin in the →

A

CNS

41
Q

ependymal cells produce

A

cerebrospinal fluid

42
Q

schwann cells produce myelin in the

A

PNS

43
Q

Microglia play a role in the immune defense of

A

central nervous system

44
Q

The sympathetic nervous system is associated with cell bodies in

A

thoracic and lumbar sections of spinal cord

short pre ganglionic axons

long post ganglionic axons

45
Q

The parasympathetic nervous system is associated with

A

constricted pupils (miosis)

46
Q

Sensory pathway is

A

afferent and ascending

47
Q

Modalities of somatic sensation

A

touch
temperature
pain
proprioception
itch

48
Q

what is not one of the 5 special senses

A

touch

vision, hearing, taste, smell, equilbrium

49
Q

What conditions must be met for a peripheral nerve to repair?

A

Must be in the peripheral nerve system

Schwann cell must be intact

Intact cell body

50
Q

Temperature may be detected by

A

pain receptors

51
Q

Meissner’s corpuscles are located in the

A

dermis

52
Q

abducens in the

A

6th cranial nerve

53
Q

The term bulbar palsy relates to

A

dysfunction of CN 9-12

IX (Glossopharyngeal)

X (Vagus)

XI (Accessory)

XII (Hypoglossal)

54
Q

Enteroreceptors convey

A

detect stimuli from internal organs (stretch, distention, pain, pressure, ischemia, chemical changes) → touch?

55
Q

Exteroreceptors detect

A

touch

56
Q

The following are mechanoreceptors

A

Miner’s / Meissner’s

hair cells of inner ear

Ruffini corpuscles

57
Q

the sensation of warmth has

A

different receptors than cold

58
Q

the sensation of pain is transmitted by

A

both A and C fibers

59
Q

referred pain from the heart can travel to

A

upper back
left jaw
left arm

60
Q

Conscious proprioception runs through the

A

thalamus and cerebral cortex

61
Q

The muscle spindle has connective tissue capsule that anchors the

A

endomysium and perimysium

62
Q

transduction of a stimulus for sensation occurs along

A

first order neurons

63
Q

a receptor potential is a

A

graded potential

64
Q

Which ion is required by the nervous system to perceive a sour taste sensation?

A

H+

65
Q

Kinesthesia is conscious perception of

A

body movements

66
Q

In order to enjoy pizza, one requires

A

Fungiform papillae (tasting flavours)

Filiform papillae (tactile feedback on texture)

Intact bulbar region (process the smells that enhance flavor)

67
Q

Cranial nerves involved in taste

A

CN VII - facial (7)

CN IX - glossopharyngeal (9)

CN X - vagus (10)

68
Q

While you digest your pizza, it is being propelled through your intestines by contraction of smooth muscle under control of

A

enteric nervous system

69
Q

Brian was born with night blindness. He can’t see in low light conditions. The cells affected are the

A

rods

70
Q

Sound is perceived via

A

sound waves causing tympanic membrane to vibrate

71
Q

Vibration is transmitted to the malleus, incus stapes, which pushes on the oval window, creating a

A

pressure wave in the perilymph, the fluid within the cochclea

72
Q

The sensation of sound must travel through the medial geniculate nucleus of the thalamus before reaching the

A

primary auditory complex of the temporal lobe

73
Q

Function of the ciliary muscles of the ciliary body is to

A

focus the lens of the eye

74
Q

Hair cells are receptor cells for

A

auditory and vestibular systems

75
Q

The central nervous system response is sustained longer than parasympathetic because → ________ is released into the bloodstream and cleared relatively slowly by the liver

A

epinephrine

76
Q

Posterior white columns of the spinal cord (dorsal columns) carry info regarding

A

discriminative touch

(fine touch, vibration, conscious proprioception, two point discrimination)

77
Q

Two major tracks that form posterior columns

A

fasciculus gracilis (carries sensory info from the lower half of the body (below T6) and the fasciculus cuneate (carries sensory info from the upper half of the body (above T6)

78
Q

Route of transmission in order

PBGNCT

A

photoreceptors (rods & cones), bi-polar cells, ganglion cells, optic nerve, optic chiasm, optic tract

79
Q

Types of neurons that conduct impulses from the thalamus to the primary somatosensory area of the cerebral cortex

A

third order neurons

80
Q

Acetylcholine is the only neurotransmitter found in the

A

PNS

81
Q

Sympathetic trunk ganglia primarily serve organs

A

above the diaphragm (head and thorax).

Prevertebral ganglia serves organs below diaphragm, terminal ganglia serve visceral organs

82
Q

Part of the nervous system is the main control and integrative center of the autonomic nervous system

A

hypothalamus

83
Q

If I stick a needle into the spinal column, in which order would I hit structures?

A

epidermis, muscle, dura, arachnoid mater, CSF, pia

84
Q

What does diencephalon give rise to

A

thalamus
hypothalamus
epithalamus

85
Q

Largest motor tract in body form 2 longitudinal bulges in Medulla oblongata

A

pyramids

86
Q

Region of cerebellum governs equilibrium and balance →

A

(vestibulocerebellum) which includes the flocculonodular lobe & cerebellum

87
Q

The deep valley that separates the left and right hemispheres is called the

A

longitudinal fissure

the white matter which connects them is called the corpus collosum

88
Q

function of pineal gland

A

secretes melatonin

89
Q

What is significant about the central sulcus?

A

separates the primary motor area from the primary sensory area

90
Q

does neuroglia produce action potentials

A

NO

91
Q

What is the definition of a ganglion?

A

cluster of cell bodies outside the CNS

92
Q

differences between bipolar and multipolar neurons

A

bipolar are one dendrite, one axon

multipolar - several dendrites, one axon

93
Q

Why does a sensory receptor respond to one particular kind of stimulus?

A

selectivity

94
Q

Nerve impulses for the sense of hearing are initiated in the spiral organ, and then travel through the

A

cochlear branch of the CN VIII (vestibulocochlear) to cochlear nucleus in medulla oblongata

95
Q

Correct sequence of events of an olfactory receptor reacting to an odorant. → binding of odorant molecules

A

→ activation of G-protein → production of cAMP, opening of sodium ion channels and calcium ion channels → depolarization → generation of nerve impulse

96
Q

Preganglionic fibers to the ciliary ganglion are associated with which cranial nerve?

A

CN III oculomotor

97
Q

The adrenergic receptors for norepinephrine and epinephrine are

A

alpha and beta

Neurology (8 decks)

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