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Neurology > Nervous System - Lec 1&2 > Flashcards

Nervous System - Lec 1&2 Flashcards

1
Q

what is involved in the PNS

A

cranial & spinal nerves
ganglia
enteric plexus
sensory receptors
cranial & spinal nerve

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2
Q

how many pairs of spinal nerves

A

31

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3
Q

how many pairs of cranial nerves

A

12

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4
Q

what is part of the ANS

A

heart mm
smooth mm
glands

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5
Q

what is part of somatic system

A

voluntary skeletal mm’s

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6
Q

SAIA =

A

sensory, afferent, input, ascending

  • sensory converys input from sensory receptors all over the body from somatic senses into the CNS, traveling on ascending neurons
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7
Q

MEOD =

A

motor, efferent, output, descending

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8
Q

3 parts to a neuron

A
  1. cell body
  2. dendrites
  3. axon
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9
Q

what does the cell body include

A

nucleus
cytoskeleton
endoplasmic reticulum (sheath)
ribosomes (proteins produced)
nissl bodies

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10
Q

what do dendrites do

A

receiving / input end of a neuron - they receive communication

receive info from axon terminals via synapses - then towards cell body

have plastic capabilities

*ex) practicing something new, creating new connections and you get better at it)

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11
Q

what does the axon do

A

“the highway”

communicate everything from cell body to rest of the body

contains mitochondria, microtubules, neurofibrils

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12
Q

where is the next action potential triggered

A

initial segment (trigger zone)

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13
Q

what cells produce CSF

A

ependymal

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14
Q

where do Schwann cells create myelin

A

PNS

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15
Q

where do oligodendrocytes create myelin

A

CNS

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16
Q

can Schwann cells regenerate?

A

yes

oligodendrocytes DON’T

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17
Q

what two cells are in the PNS

A

Schwann Cells
Satellite Cells

(the two S cells)

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18
Q

what is Wallerian Degeneration

A

active process of degeneration of the distal end of an axon as a result of a nerve lesion

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19
Q

what is the “glue” that supports / maintains neuronal networks

A

neuroglia

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20
Q

what do astrocytes do

A

form a tight cinch around blood capillaries forming blood brain barrier to protect us from toxins

regulate ion concentrations

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21
Q

what forms neuronal synapses

A

astrocytes

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22
Q

what functions as phagocytes

A

microglial cells

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23
Q

why does is matter if myelin regenerates or not

A

w/o the sheath around nerve fibres the transmission of electrical signals slows down

regeneration helps restore efficiency of nerve signal transmission - vital for movement/sensation

regeneration aids in recovery after injuries /damage

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24
Q

what is the functional unit of the nervous system

A

neurons

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25
Q

can neuroglia divide

A

yes

neurons CANNOT

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26
Q

describe nervous system communication

A

neurons send signals to other neurons and to effectors (glands/mm cells)

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27
Q

what 3 ways does our nervous system adapt/change

A

sprouting of new dendrites
synthesis of new proteins
changes in synaptic contacts

28
Q

inside of the cell is ____

A

negative

29
Q

During resting membrane potential the cell is ___

A

polarized (not equal in molecular composition or structure between 2 sides)

30
Q

build up of negative ions (anions) inside cytosol

A

build up of EQUAL amt positive ions (cations) in extracellular fluid OUTSIDE of cell

the rest of the cell is NEUTRAL

31
Q

the higher the difference between + and - sides =

A

the HIGHER the resting membrane potential

32
Q

grey matter has UNMYELINATED axons

A

white matter has MYELINATED axons

33
Q

3 factors that produce RMP

A
  1. unequal distribution of ions
  2. inability of most anions to leave the cell
  3. electrogenic nature of Na+ and K+ + ATPases
34
Q

sodium potassium pump, pumps __Na+ out of cell for every __K+ that enter cell

A

3 Na+ OUT, 2 K+ IN

35
Q

graded potential = short distance

A

does not travel down axon
used for short term communication

36
Q

what is the type of nerve conduction that occurs in unmyelinated axons and mm fibres

A

continuous conduction

37
Q

nerve fibres that are the slowest at 2 meters per second

A

C fibres

38
Q

at the presynaptic cleft, which voltage gated channels must open to stimulate the release of the vesicles full of neurotransmitters

A

Calcium (Ca2+)

39
Q

Ionotophic receptor is made from how many types of proteins?

A

one

metabotrophic is made from more than one

40
Q

process to remove neurotransmitters from the synaptic clelft

A
  1. enzyme degradation
  2. diffusion
  3. uptake cells
41
Q

what cells offer structural support for the cell body of a neuron in PNS

A

Satellite cells

42
Q

which functional class of neurons is responsible for integration?

A

interneurons

43
Q

lipids in myelin make ____

A

white matter

44
Q

what is a ganglion

A

cluster of cell bodies outside CNS

45
Q

what is the plasma membrane of an axon called

A

axolemma

46
Q

what are the nodes of ranvier

A

gaps in myelin sheath

47
Q

bipolar = 1 dendrite, 1 axon

A

multipolar = several dendrites, 1 axon

48
Q

graded potential = varies in size of amplitude, (doesn’t reach threshold)

A

action potential = threshold has been reached

49
Q

what is the plasma membrane of the axon

A

axolemma

50
Q

what channels open or close when a chemical stimulus comes into contact

A

ligand gated

51
Q

what channels open or close in response to vibration/touch/pressure/stretching

A

mechanically gated

52
Q

what is summation

A

when a graded potential joins another graded potential

  • becomes stronger and lasts longer
53
Q

where does saltatory conduction occur

A

in myelinated axons

54
Q

B fibres =

A

mid size
partly myelinated
saltatory conduction
ANS

55
Q

2 advantages for Gap junctions

A

faster communication
synchronization

56
Q

3 types of regeneration

A

neuropraxia
axonotmesis
neurotmesis

57
Q

what is a synapse

A

communication site

58
Q

types of synapses

A

axodendritic
axosomatic
axoaxonic

59
Q

EPSPs and IPSPs are involved w ____ synapses

A

chemical

60
Q

which region of the brain does peception primarily occur

A

cerebral cortex

61
Q

the greater the difference in charge across the membrane, the larger the membrane potential

A
62
Q

RMP exists because of what

A

small buildup of negative ions in the cytosol along the inside of the membrane, and an equal buildup of positive ions in the extracellular fluid along the outside surface of the membrane

63
Q

what 3 factors does the RMP arise from

A
  1. unequal distribution of ions in the ECF and cytosol
  2. inability of most anions to leave the cell
  3. electrogenic nature of the Na+ -K- ATPases
64
Q

why does a stronger stimulus cause a larger graded potential than a weaker stimulus?

A

larger amplitude

65
Q

which channels are open in the depolarizing stage vs hyperpolarizing

A

depolarizing = Voltage gated Na+ open

hyperpolarizing = Voltage gated K+ open

66
Q

the flow of Na+ in during depolarizing stage changes the membrane potential from -55mV to ____

A

+30mV

at the peak of the impulse the inside of the membrane is 30 mV more positive than the outside

67
Q

a nerve impulse either occurs completely or it does not occur at all

A

all-or-nothing principle

Neurology (7 decks)

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