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Neurology > more midterm > Flashcards

more midterm Flashcards

1
Q

what is the primary function of sensory neurons

A

to transmit sensory information to the CNS

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2
Q

what disease is charcterized by the degeneration of motor neurons

A

ALS

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3
Q

which part of nervous tissue is responsible for transmitting signals

A

neruons

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4
Q

what part of the neuron recieves signals from other neurons

A

dendrites

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5
Q

what condition is caused by demyelination in the nervous system

A

MS

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6
Q

what is the primary function of the ANS

A

to regulate involuntary functions

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7
Q

Which type of cell is primarily involved in the immune response within the nervous system?

A

microglia

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8
Q

the ____ connects the CNS to the limbs and organs

A

PNS

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9
Q

the long projection of a neuron that transmits impulses away from the cell body is the ___

A

axon

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10
Q

the junction between two neurons where communication occurs is called a

A

synapse

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11
Q

what do glial cells do

A

support and protect neurons

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12
Q

what does serotonin regulate

A

mood and sleep regulation

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13
Q

what does an axon do

A

transmit impulses away

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14
Q

what is neurogenesis

A

formation of neurons

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15
Q

what is adaptation of neural pathways called

A

neuroplasticity

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16
Q

what is a neural tube

A

Early CNS structure

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17
Q

what is dopamine responsible for

A

mood and reward regulation

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18
Q

what do astrocytes do

A

support / nutrient supply

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19
Q

what is the primary function of neurtransmitters in the nervous system

A

to transmit signals between neurons

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20
Q

What is the term for the electrical signal that travels along the axon of a neuron?

A

action potential

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21
Q

What is synaptic plasticity?

A

The ability of synapses to strengthen or weaken over time

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22
Q

which neurotranmistter is primarily linked to depression

A

serotonin

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23
Q

What is the role of calcium ions in neurotransmitter release?

A

they trigger the fusion of vesciles w the presynaptic membrane

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24
Q

Which type of synapse involves the direct transfer of ions between two neurons?

A

electrical synapse

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25
Q

What is long-term potentiation (LTP)?

A

A lasting increase in synaptic strength following high-frequency stimulation

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26
Q

Which neurotransmitter is primarily associated with the reward system in the brain?

A

dopamine

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27
Q

What is the main function of myelin in the nervous system?

A

To insulate axons and increase the speed of signal transmission

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28
Q

The ____ is responsible for transmitting signals throughout the body.

A

nervous system

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29
Q

neurons communicate by generating ____ thta travel along their axons

A

action potentials

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30
Q

communication between neurons occurs at junctions called

A

synapses

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31
Q

what kind of neurotransmitter increases the likelyhood of a neuron firing

A

excitatory

inhibitory decreases it

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32
Q

A form of synaptic plasticity known as [long-term potentiation] strengthens the connections between neurons.

A

The process of [signal transmission] is crucial for the functioning of the nervous system.

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33
Q

Neurotransmitters bind to specific [receptors] on the postsynaptic neuron.

A

The ability of the nervous system to change and adapt is known as [plasticity].

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34
Q

Long-Term Potentiation — Strengthens synapse

A

Neurotransmitter Release — Exocytosis

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35
Q

Sensory Neurons — Carry signals to CNS

A

Ionotropic Receptors — Fast response

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36
Q

Reflex Arc — Quick response pathway

A

Reuptake — Transport back to neuron

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37
Q

Action Potential — Rapid depolarization

A

Resting Potential — -70 mV

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38
Q

Metabotropic Receptors — Slow response

A

Ionotropic Receptors — Fast response

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39
Q

GABA Receptors — Inhibitory effects

A
40
Q

Ascending Pathway — Sensory information to brain

A

Descending Pathway — Motor commands from brain

41
Q

What is the primary function of the frontal lobe?

A

Decision making and problem solving

42
Q

Which part of the brain is responsible for processing visual information?

A

occipital

43
Q

What structure connects the left and right hemispheres of the brain?

A

corpus collosum

44
Q

Which part of the brain controls basic life functions such as breathing and heart rate?

A

brainstem

45
Q

function of thalamus?

A

relay sensory info to the cortex

46
Q

Which lobe is primarily involved in auditory processing?

A

temporal

47
Q

What is the primary function of the parietal lobe?

A

Processing sensory information from the body

48
Q

Which part of the brain is involved in the formation of new memories?

A

hippocampus

49
Q

The outer layer of the brain, responsible for higher brain functions, is called the

A

cerebral cortex

50
Q

The ____ connects the brain to the spinal cord and controls basic life functions.

A

brainstem

51
Q

The brain is protected by three layers of membranes known as the

A

meninges

52
Q

The _____ is involved in emotions, memory, and arousal.

A

limbic system

53
Q

The _____ acts as a relay station for sensory information before it reaches the cerebral cortex.

A

thalamus

54
Q

The ____regulates vital functions such as temperature and hunger.

A

hypothalamus

55
Q

The ____ is responsible for coordinating voluntary movements and balance.

A

cerebellum

56
Q

The ____ is associated with reasoning, planning, and problem-solving.

A

frontal lobe

57
Q

The _____ is primarily responsible for processing visual information.

A

occipital lobe

58
Q

parts of limbic systen

A

hippocampus - memory formation
cingulate gyrus - emotional regulation
septal nuclei - reward processing

59
Q

CSF functions

A

buoyancy
protection
chemical stability

60
Q

What is hemispheric specialization?

A

The tendency for certain cognitive processes to be more dominant in one hemisphere of the brain

61
Q

During which stage of sleep does the brain primarily consolidate memories?

A

REM

62
Q

What role does the amygdala play in memory?

A

emotional regulation

63
Q

Which neurotransmitter is most closely associated with memory and learning?

A

acetlycholine

64
Q

Which brain structure is involved in the regulation of sleep-wake cycles?

A

hypothalamus

65
Q

The concept of [hemispherization] describes how the two hemispheres of the brain specialize in different functions.

A

Higher-level [cognition] processes, such as reasoning and problem-solving, are primarily managed by the frontal lobe.

66
Q

The first cranial nerve, known as the [olfactory nerve], is responsible for the sense of smell.

A

The [optic nerve] is the second cranial nerve and is crucial for vision.

67
Q

The [oculomotor nerve] controls most of the eye’s movements, including constriction of the pupil.

A

The [trigeminal nerve] is responsible for sensation in the face and motor functions such as biting and chewing.

68
Q

The [facial nerve] is involved in facial expressions and the sense of taste on the anterior two-thirds of the tongue.

A

The [vestibulocochlear nerve] is responsible for hearing and balance.

69
Q

The [glossopharyngeal nerve] plays a role in taste and swallowing.

A

The [vagus nerve] is the longest cranial nerve and affects heart rate, digestion, and respiratory rate.

70
Q

The [hypoglossal nerve] controls the movements of the tongue.

A
71
Q

optic nerve pathway

A

retina to brain

72
Q

vesitubolcochlear nerve pathway

A

inner ear to brain

73
Q

glossophayrngeal N pathway

A

throat to brain

74
Q

oculomotor = eye movement

A

trochlear = eye rotation
abducens= lateral eye movement

75
Q

Which landmark is located at the base of the spinal cord?

A

conus medullaris

76
Q

What type of information do sensory tracts carry?

A

Sensory information from the body to the brain

77
Q

Which tract is responsible for voluntary motor control?

A

corticospinal tract

78
Q

Where does the spinal cord end in adults?

A

L1-L2 vertebrae

79
Q

What is the role of the dorsal columns in the spinal cord?

A

To transmit fine touch and proprioception

80
Q

Which part of the spinal cord contains the cell bodies of motor neurons?

A

Anterior horn

81
Q

What is the function of the spinothalamic tract?

A

To carry pain and temperature sensations

82
Q

Which spinal cord segment is associated with the cervical plexus?

A

C1-C4

83
Q

What is the cauda equina?

A

A bundle of spinal nerves below the conus medullaris

84
Q

Important landmarks of the spinal cord include the

A

cervical, thoracic, lumbar, and sacral regions.

85
Q

The _____ horn of the spinal cord is primarily involved in processing sensory information.

A

dorsal

86
Q

The ____ horn contains motor neurons that send signals to skeletal muscles.

A

ventral

87
Q

The _____ of the spinal cord contains myelinated axons that form the ascending and descending tracts.

A

white matter

88
Q

The ____ of the spinal cord is composed of neuronal cell bodies and is involved in reflex actions.

A

gray matter

89
Q

Spinocerebellar Tract =

A

Unconscious proprioception

90
Q

Corticospinal Tract =

A

Voluntary movement

91
Q

Reticulospinal Tract =

A

Posture and locomotion

92
Q

Vestibulospinal Tract =

A

Balance and posture

93
Q

Dorsal Root =

A

Sensory fibers

94
Q

ventral root =

A

motor fibers

95
Q

the ____ of the medulla contain the large motor tracts that run from the cerebrum to the spinal cord

A

pyramids

96
Q

another name for basal nuclei

A

corpus striatum

Neurology (7 decks)

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