NEURO PSYC Flashcards
WHAT WILL A PERSON HAVE PROBLEMS WITH IF RIGHT OR LEFT HEMISPHERES ARE DAMAGED?
LEFT= CAN’T SEE DETAILS (TREES)
RIGHT= CAN’T SEE BIG PICTURE (FOREST)
WHAT IS THE WADA TECHNIQUE AND WHAT WAS IS REPLACED WITH?
Paralize half the brain, while patient is awake; this way they can test where damage has been done. Replaced by fMRI’s.
(object recognition)
What is the difference between the Dorsal and the Ventral streams?
Dorsal = “Where”
Ventral = “What”
If the ventral stream is damaged will have problems with object recognition.
What is Visual Agnosia?
An inability to recognize objects in the visual modality AND can’t be explain by other causes
What are two types of Visual Agnosias?
Apperceptive= has trouble forming a “percept” (mental picture) (e.g. can’t copy objects)
Associative= can see object but does not know what they are looking at (e.g. anchor exercise, can copy the anchor, but can’t draw it when asked)
What is prosopagnosia? And where is the possible damage?
Agnosia for faces (face blind)
Video we saw: Oliver Sacks
FAMILIAR faces are recognized implicitly. They learn facial details or hair styles to recognize people.
Damage= fusiform gyrus
What is Body Dysmorphic Disorder (BDD)?
- Perceive themselves as ugly or “monstrous”
- Focus on the details of appearance
- Engage in compulsive behaviors
- Check their appearance in mirrors often
- Camauflauge their appearance (tanning, makeup, plastic surgery)
- DSM V is under OCD
(Spatial Cognition)
What are the key components of the Dorsal Visual Stream?
…hint: Central Sulcus separates the frontal lobe from the parietal lobe
- IPS- Intra parietal sulcus (divides the next two)
- SPL- Superior parietal lobule
- IPL- Inferior parietal lobule
- S1- somatosensory cortex (next to the CS, not part of the posterior parietal)
What is damaged when someone has trouble with constructional abilities?
Right hemisphere (i.e. stroke)
(Language)
What is Aphasia?
Loss of a language-processing ability after brain damage
What are the four types of aphasias?
- BROCAS
- WARNICKES
- CONDUCTION
- GLOBAL
What is parahasias?
Errors in producing specific words:
Semantic= meaning similar, i.e. replace ‘barn’ for ‘house’
Phonemic= sound similar
What distinguishes: Phonology, Syntax, and Semantic?
- Phonlogy- Sounds that compose a language; phoneme- considered smallest unit of sound /b/ or /p/
- Syntax- rules of grammar; subject verb object (svo)
- Semantic- meaning of language
What distinguishes the four types of aphasias? Particularly spontaneous speech, comprehension, and area of the brain (brodmans area)?
- Brocas- Non-fluent, Good, 44 (anterior of left hemisphere)
- Wirneckes- Fluent, Poor, 22 (posterior of left hemisphere)
- Conduction- Fluent, Good, 40-tissue
- Global- Non-fluent, Poor, All
What is arcuate fasiculus?
large nerve-fiber tract connects both Broca’s and Wernicke’s areas (looks like a bat)
Describe direct and indirect routes to language meaning.
Direct- print is translated directly to meaning
Indirect- phonology is linked to meaning (sounding off)
(Disorders of written language)
What is dyslexia and the four major types?
(hint: think of pool)
Dyslexia- problem with written language and no known accident or damage
- Surface- can’t link surface meaning
- Phonological- Can’t read or sound off new words
- Deep- problems with reading words with the same meaning
- Attentional- only occur in reading; they can see ‘w’ on its own but not in a word
What is agraphia and the two types?
Agraphia: loss of ability to write
Phonological- spelling words that can’t sound off
Lexical- spell regular words but hard to spell irregular words
(Memory)
Describe HM?
- Summer of 1953 Henry Gustav Molaison underwent surgery to contain eplieptic seizures
- Had both persistent and remarkably selective amnesia
- Used his brain for further study: sliced into 3000 slices
- Remembered everything before the operation (anterograde amnesia)
- Could learn motor skill (but could not recall the many trials it took to learn it)
What is PKM- Zeta?
A molecule that acts like a glue of neurons; maintains long term memories
What about the hippocampus and long term memory (HM’s case)?
The hippocampus is involved in long term memory (forming), but it’s not stored there; in HM’s case the hippocampus was removed, yet he remembers everthing prior to the operation.
What is the meaning and difference between anterograde and retrograde amnesia?
Anterograde: deficit in learning new information
Retrograde: impairment of memory for information that was acquired prior to the event that caused the amnesia
What are the five concepts (processes) involved in memory?
- Working memory- hold limited info.
- Encoding- processing
- Consolidation and
- Storage: process by which memories are strengthened to allow for long-term memory
- Retrieval-
What is the difference between explicit and implicit memory?
Explicit: conscious
Implicit: unconscious
What is the difference between semantic and episodic memory?
Semantic- facts, concepts, categories and meaning of words
Episodic- autobiographical memories; specific to our own experience
(Attention)
What is alertness or arousal?
Orienting our attention toward something
What is RAS? And what role does the thalamus have?
Recticular Activating System: involved in overall arousal
Thalamus: Acts like a relay system
(think of the brain stem with red, then arrows pointing outwards in various directions)
What is vigalence?
Sustained attention
What is selective attention? Include bottom up and top down.
Filtering process
Bottom up: sensory is guiding your attention
Top down: you are directing it; intrinsic motivation
What is divided attention?
Split our attention accross tasks
It is easier to perform an auditory and visual task, than two visual tasks. (same resources)
What is the difference between early selection and late selection? (two schools of thought)
Early: before consciousness
Late: after sensory processing is complete and items have been identified and categorized
Event-Related Potential (ERP) is showing that attentional selection can ocur earlier and later in processing
What are the brain networks implicated in selective attention?
- Superior Colliculus- shifting attention
- Thalamus-the filter and relay system
- Parietal lobe- top down and bottom up
- Medial Prefrontal Cortex (MPC)- selects from various responses; Anterior Cingulate Cortex (ACC)
- Lateral Prefrontal Cortex (LPC)- Source of attentional control
People Love Meaningful Sex Tonight
(Executive Function)
Describe Dr. P
- Was a surgeon
- Lost his ability to plan
- Turned truck driver– but needed a lot of assistance from his brother
- Unaware of his deficit
What is executive function? What is it responsible for?
- Ability to plan actions to reach a goal
- Use information flexibly
- Think abstractly
- Make inferences
(think of making a peanut butter and jelly sandwich: Staying on task, sequencing or planning actions, modifying strategies, using knowledge in your plans, monitoring your actions)
What brain area/region (s) are involved in executive functioning?
Prefrontal Cortex (PFC)– The CEO of our brain; the quarterback
Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex (DLPFC)
What are the three major tasks in executive function? And describe what they are responsible for.
- Inhibition- ability to STOP, interrupt, or abort inappropiate responses
- Shifting- modification of strategy (i.e. task switching activity- WCST)
- Updating- initiate and sustained responding
What is involved in higher order thinking?
- think abstractly
- deduce rules
- ability to be flexible
What is cognitive flexibility and what area of the brain has been found to house this?
Looking at situation from multiple vantage points.
Orbitalfrontal Cortex (OFC)
Describe the Banich (2009) model to attentional path
- DLPFC sends info
- Anterior region of PFC- evaluates appropriatness of response
- ACC- which info. should guide response
- Anterior Dorsal ACC- Evaluate whether response was correct
What are the four major areas of the brain involved in Emotion? And what are they responsible for
HAHA!
- Hypothalamus- controls hormonal system; levels of stress hormones
- Amygdala- early detection; emotional significance
- Hippocampus- memory of the emotional stimuli
- Anterior cingulate cortex (ACC)- error evaluation; emotion regulation
Describe what RDoC is? Include its five domains and some units of analysis
Research Domain Criteria (version of categorizing mental health disorders/problems)
Domains:
- Negative valence system
- Positive valence system
- Cognitive systems
- Systems for social processes
- Arousal and regulatory systems
Units of Analysis: Genes, Molecules, Cells, Circuits, Physiology, Behavior, Self reports
What are the brain regions involved in memory?
- Ventral lateral PFC (orange)
- Dorso lateral PFC (red)
- Motor cortex (white)
- Left parietal cortex (yellow)
- Interior temporal cortex (brown)
Hippocampus
Amygdala
What are the most prominent theories of depression and emotion? And give a brief description.
- Becks cognitive schema
- Tripartite models
- Circumplex model
- Motivational model
Becks cognitive schema:
Negative cognitive schemas with respect to 1. Attentional bias- attend to sad or negative stimuli, 2. Memory bias- overremember negative info, and 3. Interpretation bias- interpret neutral as negative
Tripartite model:
(Venm diagram) Low positive affect “pure depression”; High somatic arousal “pure anxiety”; and High negative affect- comorbidity (shaded in the middle; more common)
Cicumplex model:
Mood is affected by frontal regions; Arousal is affected by activation of the right posteriar region. LESS LEFT THAN RIGHT.
Motivational model:
Approadh: Engaged behavior (left PFC)
Withdrawal: Retracted behavior’’
Describe what DBS is and Helen Mayberg
Deep Brain Stimulattion
Helen Mayberg worked with the areas of the brain that are connected to cognitive connections (DLPFC), and the limbic system- emotional connections. Specifically area 25.
