Hollands Theory

Question 1

Holland, date and idea

Answer 1

1959, by late adolescence most people can be characterized in terms of how closely they resemble each of six basic personality types.

Question 2

Realistic, preference and personality characteristics

Answer 2

work with things; frank, practical, focused, mechanical, determined, rugged

Question 3

Investigative, preference and personality characteristics

Answer 3

work with things and ideas; analytical, intellectual, reserved, independent, ambitious

Question 4

Artistic, preference and personality characteristics

Answer 4

work with ideas and people; complicated, original, creative, impulsive, independent, expressive

Question 5

Social, preference and personality characteristics

Answer 5

work with people; cooperative, helpful, empathetic, kind, tactful, warm, sociable, generous

Question 6

Enterprising, preference and personality characteristics

Answer 6

work with data and people; persuasive, energetic, sociable, adventurous, ambitious, assertive

Question 7

Conventional, preference and personality characteristics

Answer 7

work with data and things; careful, conforming, conservative, responsible, controlled

Question 8

Congruence

Answer 8

the degree of fit between an individual and his/her current or projected environment with respect to RIASEC types; people seek environments that fit well with their personalities. The more similar the personality is to the environment, the more congruent are the two. A person with RIA personality working in an RIA environment has a very high level of congruence.

Question 9

Differentiation

Answer 9

People with high levels of differentiation show a strong resemblance to one RIASEC type (“pure” type) and little resemblance to other types. Highly differentiated work environments have employees and activities that clearly align with one RIASEC type and few of the others.

Question 10

Consistency

Answer 10

When RIASEC types are placed, in order, on the points around a hexagon those on adjacent (e.g, R and I) are more similar than those that are more distant (e.g., R and A). Those that are diametrically opposed (e.g., R and S) share the least in common. When the types that make up a person’s or environment’s Holland code are adjacent on the hexagon, the person or environment has a high degree of consistency.

Question 11

Identity

Answer 11

the degree to which a person has “a clear and stable picture of one’s goals, interests, and talents” (Holland, 1997b, p.5)…strong environmental identity is present when an environment or organization has clear, integrated goals, tasks, and rewards that are stable over long time intervals. A work setting with a limited range of highly related positions that remain the same over time would have a strong, or crystallized, identity, whereas a work setting with varied positions that change frequently has a more diffuse identity.

Question 12

Four Major Constructs

Answer 12

1. Congruence
2. Differentiation
3. Consistency
4. Identity