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Neuro > Neuro NT exam 1 > Flashcards

Neuro NT exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

-learning
-memory
excitatory

A

Glutamate

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2
Q

-muscle contraction
-cognitive processing
-project into cerebellum + pons (respiratory + breathing)
-hippocampus, amygdala, + cortex –> Alzheimer’s

A

ACh

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3
Q

-activated by nicotine
-iontropic
-found in brain + striated muscles

A

Nicotinic

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4
Q

-activated by muscarine
-found in brain, cardiac heart muscles, + smooth muscles

A

muscarine

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5
Q

-motor function
-optogenetic approach to understanding DA function
-reward + addiction
- increase cognitive processing

A

Dopamine (DA, Monoamine)

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6
Q

-fight-or-flight
-arousal

A

norepinephrine

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7
Q

-mood
-sleep
-increase cognitive processing

A

serotonin

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8
Q

-inhibition
-active until process needed

A

GABA

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9
Q

-ionotropic
-opens cl channels
-prevents seizures

A

GABA a

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10
Q

-leads to K+ channels opening
-leads to greater degree of hyper polarization than GABA a

A

GABA b

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11
Q

-ionotropic
-opens cl channels + stay open longer than gaba A
-important in retina functioning

A

GABA c

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12
Q

-increase efficiency learning drug out of body

A

metabolic tolerance

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13
Q

-change w/in neurons that decrease effectiveness

A

functional tolerance

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14
Q

study of neural bases of behavioral & mental processes

A

behavioral neuroscience

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15
Q

-apply magnetic field pulses through coil
*changes in magnetic field cause weak electrical currents on surface of brain
*stimulate neuron activity & stop neurons from communicating
*measuring behavioral/cognitive perception

Pros:
-ask causal questions about activity
-temp lesion

Cons: surface structures only

A

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS)

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16
Q

-measures electrical potential of brain through electrodes
*measures timing of activity in brain well not good for spatial location
-used on kids kids + infants
-for research –> present stimuli + record event related potential (ERPs)
-can be measured when a person is at rest

A

EEG

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17
Q

how long after stimulus did ERP occur

A

latency

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18
Q

how large is neural response

A

amplitude

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19
Q

have latency and amplitude + measures across different electrode sites
-relates to cognitive function

A

ERPs

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20
Q

-measures localized activity in the brain/bloodgoing to region
-BLOOD OXYGENTATION LEVEL DEPENDENT (BOLD) signal
-have participant perform tasks in scanner
*great spatial not temporal resolution –> blood flow sluggish

A

fMRI

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21
Q

-removes brain structure or sever connections
-study effect on animal’s behavior

A

ablation

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22
Q

-cool down regis of interest to slow/stop neural activity
-pharmacologically disrupts neurons from firing

A

temporary lesions

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23
Q

use micro electrodes to measure electrical activity of cells

A

electrophysiology

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24
Q

-place micro electrode in extracellular space near a cell
-1-100s neurons detected
-electrodes used to activate neurons/brain areas

A

extracellular recording

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25
Q

measures brain chemistry + how many neurotransmitters there are

A

micro dialysis

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26
Q

use of genetic tools to induce neurons or other cells to become sensitive to light –> can execute/inhibit cell by shining light
-introduce genetic material into ells that allow them to express a channel sensitive to light
-shine light into Brain –> only cells with channels will be excited
-studies specific set of neurons that release NT

A

optogenetics

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27
Q

records electrical events within neurons and not just signaling
-measures sub threshold activity within neuron

A

intracellular signaling

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28
Q

uses probes to find neurons within specific mRNA sequence

A

in situ hybridization

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29
Q

synthetic radioactive probes bind to protein of interest

A

autoradiography

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30
Q

-antibodies detect expression of specific proteins
-can tell what cells express a certain protein & where protein is expressed

A

immunohistochemistry

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31
Q

structure + organization of nervous system

A

neuroanatomy

32
Q

anatomical features of nervous system that are apparent to naked eye

A

gross neuroanatomy

33
Q

take info from outside to inside

A

sensory neuron

34
Q

communicate from central to peripheral nervous system

A

motor neuron

35
Q

see both hemispheres + more oval

A

horizontal plane

36
Q

slice vertically *only see 1 side of hemisphere

A

sagital plane

37
Q

back of brain to front
-looks boxy

A

coronal plane

38
Q

towards back

A

posterior

39
Q

towards front

A

anterior

40
Q

towards top + superior

A

dorsal

41
Q

inferior; towards bottom

A

ventral

42
Q

towards outside of Brain

A

lateral

43
Q

white matter tract connecting both hemisphere

A

corpus collosum

44
Q

sensory, emotions, problem solving, decision making

A

cerebral cortex

45
Q

cell bodies * not myelinated

A

gray matter

46
Q

sensory (touch) + perception

A

parietal lobe

47
Q

pre-motor planning + basic function

A

frontal lobe

48
Q

large, gray matter + lots of connections with other regions
*deep in brain

A

subcortical structures

49
Q

motor control

A

basal ganglia

50
Q

learning + emotion

A

limbic system

51
Q

sensory relay station

A

thalamus

52
Q

feeding, fleeing, fighting, + f’ing

A

hypothalamus

53
Q

motor-coordination + learning *affected by alcohol

A

cerebellum

54
Q

branching

A

arborization

55
Q

-neurons –> 100-150 billion
-develop up to 20 weeks in womb

A

cells in brain

56
Q

-structural support
-storing energy
-insulation
-cleaning up dead cells + waste
-influence communication btw neurons

A

glial cells

57
Q
  1. brain composed of separating neurons + other cells independent, structurally, metabolically, + functioning
  2. info transmitted cell to cell across gas (synapses)
A

neuron doctrine

58
Q

integration of messages form neurons & determine if message will be sent
*integration zone

A

axon hillock

59
Q

receive into “ears”
*input zone

A

dendrites

60
Q

moves action potential quickly

A

myelin sheath

61
Q

sends NT into synapse
*output zone

A

axon terminals/synaptic button

62
Q

conduction zone

A

axon

63
Q

w/o myelin sheath; A.P to regenerate

A

nodes of ranvier

64
Q

sends messages/ A.P

A

presynaptic neruon

65
Q

receives messages

A

postsynaptic neuron

66
Q

oligodendrocytes

A

CNS

67
Q

Schwann cells

A

PNS

68
Q

-directly controls ion channel (ligand binds to open channel)
-fast synapse

A

ionotropic

69
Q

-indirectly opens/controls ion channels
-NT binds to G-protein
-slow synapse
-prolonged + magnified effect

A

metabotrobic

70
Q

binds to identical site as NT

A

competitive binding affinity

71
Q

binds to different part of receptor

A

noncompetitive affinity

72
Q

propensity of ligand to activate receptor to which it is bound
(whether conformational change will occur)

A

efficacy

73
Q

opposite effect than the NT would normally bind to receptor
*high efficacy

A

inverse agonist

74
Q

lack of effect - drug doesn’t activate receptor & may block receptor site so NT can’t act
*low efficacy

A

antagonist

75
Q

-same effect as NT
*high efficacy

A

agonist

76
Q

down regulate by taking away receptors

A

counteract agonist

77
Q

up regulate by putting more receptor sites

A

counteract antagonists

Neuro (9 decks)

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