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Neuro > Neuro mod 2 > Flashcards

Neuro mod 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Process of Brain organization and specialization

A

brain development

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2
Q

processes in prenatal brain development (there are 5, list in order)

A
  1. cell division (mitosis)
  2. cell migration
  3. cell differentiation
  4. cell connections (synaptogenesis: connecting with other cells)
  5. cell death (apoptosis)
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3
Q

most development is shaped by?

A

environment

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4
Q

brain + skin

A

ectoderm

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5
Q

central stuff in body

A

endoderm

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6
Q

proliferation of neurons

A

neurogenesis

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7
Q

when does neurogenesis begin

A

42 days post conception

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8
Q

neurogenesis ends

A

20 weeks

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9
Q

where do cells proliferate

A

ventricular zone

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10
Q

in the ventricular zone cells migrate using what

A

radial glia and intercellular signaling

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11
Q

birth date of cells matters for (2 words)?

A

final location

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12
Q

cell type is dependent on

A

what a gene cell expresses

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13
Q

cell-autonomous –> genes in cell direct expression

A

intrinsic factors

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14
Q

signaling molecules from other cells

A

Inducing factors

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15
Q

substance causing differentiation

A

Inducer

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16
Q

substance that can cause cells to differentiate into different types based on its concentration

A

Morphogen

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17
Q

in CNS most neuronal differentiation is based on

A

local cell-cell interaction

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18
Q

central core

A

growth cone

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19
Q

Have cues to tell to stop, go, or turn (repulsive or attractive cues

A

Filopodia

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20
Q

uses structural support to guide growth

A

pioneer axons

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21
Q

o Released from post synaptic to pre-synaptic cell
o Prevent apoptosis –> survival of presynaptic neuron
o Lack of neurotrophic factors –> cell death

A

Neurotrophic factors

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22
Q

o “falling leaves”
o Natural cell death
 Blebbing
 Cell shrinkage
 Condensation of chromatin
 Phagocytosis of cellular remains
o Many pathways to the of apoptosis, but all have something to do with
 Mitochondria
 Ca2+ concentration
o Each pro-apoptotic factors works in a different wat, but generally activate caspases
o Cascade if events destroy proteins and AND and cell can’t survive
o Too much calcium  breaking up of mitochondria
o Protective factors
o Bcl-2 protein family

A

Apoptosis

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23
Q

blind if deprived during sensitive period

A

binocular deprivation

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24
Q

deprived eye will not respond

A

monocular deprivation

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25
Q

Neurons that fire together, wire together

A

Hebbian synapse

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26
Q

process of receiving stimulus energies from external environment and transferring them into neural energy

A

sensation

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27
Q

organizing + interpreting info

A

perception

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28
Q

sense stimulus

A

sensory receptor organs

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29
Q

point at which an individual detects a 50% of time

A

absolute threshold

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30
Q

receptor cells convert energy into electrical signals

A

sensory transduction

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31
Q

-rules by which action potentials in a sensory system reflect a physical stimulus
–frequency of action potentials
–pattern of action potentials
–# of neurons
–identity of neurons firing

A

coding

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32
Q

less hyper polarized = ?

A

less signaling needed

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33
Q

many receptors become less and less responsive as stimulus is maintained

A

adaptation

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34
Q

go through phases and becomes less responsive

A

phasic receptors

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35
Q

stable receptors

A

tonic receptors

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36
Q

accessory structure can reduce the level of input we get through sensory receptor

A

controlling sensory processing

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37
Q

attend to one thing instead of all things

A

top=down processing

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38
Q

skin is a type of what

A

sensory organ

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39
Q

info is transduced by ___ in skin + muscles innervated by DORSAL ROOT and GANGLION NEURONS

A

mechanoreceptors

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40
Q

receptor involved in touch, vibration, and pressure

*respond to stretch so Na can come in

A

mechanoreceptors

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41
Q

Tactile sensitivity is greatest on __ skin

A

glabrous (hairless)

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42
Q

palms + sole of feet + lips + fingertips

A

glabrous (hairless skin)

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43
Q

at boundary of epidermis and dermis

A

Type 1

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44
Q

deep within dermis

A

type 2

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45
Q

cease firing in response to constant amplification
*active when velocity stimulation changes

A

rapid adapting neurons

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46
Q

firing rate proportional to skin indentation

A

steady pressure

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47
Q

response to sensory stimuli
-how quickly does a cell stop responding to a stimulus

A

temporal dynamics

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48
Q

-high threshold
-initial spiking proportional to speed skin is indented and total amount of pressure
-info about spatial attributes

A

slow-adapting

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49
Q

region of skin in which a stimulus will modify firing of action potential

affected by:
-branches characteristics of afferent with in skin
-density of affect fibers supplying

A

receptive fields

50
Q

-cells detect change over wide area
-less precise perception

A

large receptive fields

51
Q

-cells detect change over small area
-more precise perception

A

small receptive fields

52
Q

minimum intensity of stimulation required to generate an AP

A

sensory threshold

53
Q

lower threshold for responding goals and detect charge

A

fast adapting neurons

54
Q

-10-15%
-deep in hypodermic
-receptive fields –> large + ambiguous
-look like onions (small)
*detect vibrations transmitted through objects being grasped
*functional displacement of skin when hand moves across object

-adapting propertiesL fast-adapting
-sensory threshold: low response threshold
-receptive field: large + ambiguous

A

Pacinian afferent

55
Q

-dense innervation of skin
-tips of dermal papillae adjacent to primary ridges *closest to skin surface
-globular fluid filled structure
-encloses flattened epithelial cells with nerve terminal entwined in layers
-Receptive fields: relatively small
-Adaptation properties: fast adapting
-sensory threshold: decrease response threshold
*sensitive to abrupt changes in shapes of objects (edges + corners)
-Texture: fluttering, stroking

A

Meisser corpuscle afferent

56
Q

-not encapsulated + no layers
*especially dense in fingertips
-only afferent to sample info from receptor cells
-located in epidermis
-detects changes in steady pressure good for curvature/form of objects
-detects texture (holding bball)
-slow adapting (high threshold)
*highest spatial resolution (0.5mm)

A

Merkel cell afferent

57
Q

-elongated spindle shape
-deep in dermis; ligaments and tendons
-respond to internally generated stimuli
-stretch of skin
-large and vague receptive field
-slow adapting (high threshold)

A

Ruffini cell afferent

58
Q

auditory processing sensory organ

A

ear (cochlea)

59
Q

auditory processing sensory receptors

A

inner hair cells (IHS)

60
Q

adequate stimuli stimuli

A

sound (pressure waves)

61
Q

-pressure waves
-increase when waves are densely packed

A

longitudinal waves

62
Q

How sounds differ

A

-pitch (high vs low): frequency
-loudness: amplitude
-Timbre: quality of sound – complexity

63
Q

-wave length (how many cycles pass a given pt in a sec)
-measured in Hz

A

frequency

64
Q

increasing frequency = ?

A

increase pitch, increase waves + decrease wavelength

65
Q

decreasing frequency = ?

A

decrease pitch, decrease waves, increase length

66
Q

“height” (intensity) of sound wave
-measured in decibels
-increase amplitude, more molecules in crest
-0 db = weakest sound ear can detect
-120 db = max
-1 dB just noticeable difference

A

amplitude

67
Q

sounds with numerous frequencies of sound blended together

A

complexity sound

68
Q

amplifies sound + boost frequencies

A

Pinna

69
Q

end is ear drum
- 1.5 in long

A

ear canal

70
Q

aka ear drum
-flexible + vibrates
-end of ear canal
-attaches to malleus

A

tympanic membrane

71
Q

smallest bones in body
-malleus, incus, stapes

A

ossicles

72
Q

-stapes push on oval window
-connecting to inner ear

A

middle –> inner ear

73
Q

sound converted into neural activity in cochlea
*filled with non compressible fluid

A

inner ear

74
Q

attach to oval window

A

scala vestibuli

75
Q

contains basilar membrane that sits under organ of corti

A

scala media

76
Q

attaches to round window

A

scala tympani

77
Q

*affects pitch
-thickness + width vary
-properties affect mechanical properties of membrane
-lies under organ of corti (has IHCS)
*different frequencies cause max displacement at different points on ___

A

basilar membrane

78
Q

3 rows of __

A

OHC (outer hair cells)

79
Q

1 row of ___

A

IHC

80
Q

basilar membrane driven upwards –> shearing motion btw tectorial membrane + organ of court –> bending of sterocilia –> ___

A

excitation

81
Q

___ sterocilia extend into bottom of tectorial membrane

A

IHC

82
Q

basilar membrane moves downwards –> opposite –> bending of sterocilia in opposite direction –> ___

A

inhibition

83
Q

-bending of stereo cilia –> ___ opening

A

tip links

84
Q

all levels of auditory pathways are spatially arranged according to auditory frequencies to which they respond

A

tonotopic organization

85
Q

where does synapse happen at inferior colliculus

A

midbrain

86
Q

where does synapse happen at medial geniculate

A

thalamus

87
Q

where does synapse happen in auditory cortex

A

temporal lobe

88
Q

min. discriminable frequency difference

A

2 hz

89
Q

area of basilar membrane that vibrates determines perceived pitch

A

place theory

90
Q

rate of neuronal firing is directly related to frequency
- not 1:1 correspondence for increase frequencies

A

temporal theory

91
Q

multiple hair cells respond to __ frequencies + amplitude

A

increase

92
Q

-“loudness”
-IHC= most sensitive to a particular frequencies but resounds to similar frequencies
-tuning curves –> more intense stimulus –> increase IHCs respond

A

encoding amplitude

93
Q

when you age, there is a __ in sensitivity go IHCs

A

decrease

94
Q

lack of functional IHCs cochlear hair cells
-auditory nerve cells not excitable in typical manner
-gives affecting hair cell structure + function

A

sensorineural deafness

95
Q

electrically stimulates cochlea + auditory nerve fibers

A

cochlear implant

96
Q

-signaling btw brain + muscles
-be able to receive sensory feedback from muscles , tendons, + joints to monitor movement

made of muscle fibers
- diameter of 50–100 mm
-length 2-6 cm

-muscles contain millions of muscle fibers
–> made of myofibrils
–> contains thick (myosin) and thin (actin) filaments

A

skeletal muscle

97
Q

-helps control spinal cord + brain muscles
-final common pathway: info processing pathway consisting of ALL motor neurons in body

A

motor neuron

98
Q

motor neurons meet muscle fibers at ____

A

neuromuscular junction (NMJ)

99
Q

single motor neuron + all the muscle fibers it innervates via axonal branches

A

motor unit

100
Q

number of muscle fibers innervated by motor neurons

A

innervation ratio

101
Q

muscles involved in fine movement ___ innervation ratio

A

decrease

102
Q

gross movements ___ innervation ratio

A

increase

103
Q
  1. ACH released from motor neuron at endplate of muscle fiber – ACH binds to receptors depolarizing the end plate causing action potential
  2. action potential travels across membrane of muscle fiber
  3. depolarization cases ca2+ being released from sarcoplasmic reticulum
  4. ca2+ binds to sites on thin filaments –> conformational change
    – myosin head binds to thin filament actin and overalls btw thick and thin filaments increasing shortening of fiber –> muscle contractions
  5. acetylcholinesterase breaks down ACH at NMJ –> no more AP –> membrane returning to normal
  6. ca2+ actively transported back to sarcoplasmic reticulum
  7. conformational change in thin filament –> myosin head can’t stay attached –> overlap btw thick and thin filament decreases
A

presynaptic synapse on muscle fiber

104
Q

info about position and movement of the body that is sent to the brain

-body sense

different types: muscle spindles and Golgi tendon organ

A

proprioceptive feedback

105
Q

*only lengthening and shortening
-send AP to CNS in response to lengthening of muscle and velocity of muscle stretch

  1. muscle stretches
  2. stretch causes deformation of spindle at sensory ending
  3. deformation –> A.P in afferent fibers that inform CNS of stretch and triggers changes in motor neurons
A

muscle spindles

106
Q

deals with velocity of muscles

A

primary sensory ending

107
Q

deals with how much we are lengthening the muscles

A

secondary sensory ending

108
Q

simple, highly stereotyped + unlearned respond to stimulus

A

reflex

109
Q

-doesn’t involve brain, only spinal cord + cells in PNS

A

stretch reflex

110
Q

responds to stretch + contraction
-provides feedback about force of muscle contractions
-extend arm – little to no rxn
-lift something heavy – reaction

A

golgi tendon

111
Q

-primary motor cortex
-supplemental motor area
-premotor cortex

A

cortical motor

112
Q

-executive region for movement initiation
-contralateral control
-more M1 devoted to body parts involved in elaborate movements
*actually having movement happen
*more neurons code direction of movements

A

primary motor cortex (M1)

113
Q

communicate to M1 + non cortical motor regions
*MOVEMENT PLANNING

A

premotor + supplementary motor areas

114
Q

with strong initiation movement initiated –> more complex movement than m1

A

premotor cortex

115
Q

movement based on internal cues “stretching”
-strong stimulation –> bilateral movements –> coordinate movement on both sides

A

supplemental motor area

116
Q

for change in PNS, cortical neurons project to motor neurons in spinal cord via ____

A

cortical spinal tract

117
Q

basal ganglia + cerebellum

A

subcortical region

118
Q

set of nuclei important of restarting and ending movement
-modulates activity in cortical motor regions –> loss of communications with m1 * important for acquired skills

A

basal ganglia

119
Q

important for monitoring ongoing movements
-modulates activity in cortical motor region –> lots of communication with SMA
-works with inhibition

A

cerebellum

120
Q

project to motor neurons in spinal cord via extrapyramidal system (brainstem)
-communicates with cortical areas via thalamus

A

messages sent form subcortical regions

Neuro (9 decks)

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