C/B Exam 2 Flashcards
What did Myers and Sperry do and what did they find
severed the hemispheres of cats and monkeys
Found: corpus callosum is the PRIMARY COMMUNICATION HIGHWAY
-also have bilateral structures and homotopic areas
-cats and monkeys 70% of their callosal axons during development
Copus callosum has been severed in ___ patients
split-brain
what is the wada test
anesthetize ipsilateral hemisphere
what happens if you anesthetize LSH
-ability to speak is impaired
LSH functions
-language
-detail oriented
RSH functions
-face recognitions
-emotional prosody (understanding emotions)
-holistic (big-pictured) focused
LH protrudes in the ___ of the brain
back
RH protrudes in the ___ and is chubbier in the brain
front
connecting same structures
homotopic
connecting different structures
heterotopic
-smaller than corpus callosum
-connects temporal lobes areas (amygdala)
-posterior commissure (even smaller)
Anterior commissure
ability to communicate solely to one hemisphere is based on the anatomy of the ____
optic nerve
at the ___ the optic nerve divides in half and the fibers that carry the visual info from the ____ portion of each retina cross and project to the visual cortex of the opposite hemisphere, while the fibers that carry visual info from the ___ portion of the retinal continue onto the visual cortex of the ipsilateral hemisphere
optic chiasma, medial, lateral
in tests of the split-brain patients, experiments restrict visual stimulus to a single ___
hemisphere
when 1 hemisphere initiates behavior that the other hemisphere detects externally giving it a cue about the answer to a test; not intentional
cross cuing
ability to understand that other individuals have thought, beliefs, and desires (that may differ from your own)
theory of mind
theory of mind critical structures
temporal-parietal junctions (TPJ) in the RH
-both hemispheres are engaged
–mPFC amygdala-temporopolar cortex
–pSTS, precuneus
if info about ___ is housed in the RH and isn’t transferred to the speaking LH you might expect impairments in social and moral reasoning
belief attribution
people who have an intact corpus callosum say what about belief attribution
say it was moral they realize Grace had a false belief
people who have a severed corpus callosum say what about belief attribution
say it was morally unacceptable but were often uncomfortable with their answer and tried to justify it
Why is there a difference in moral judgment in severed corpus callosum
-when the LH gives its answers locally, the RH hears the judgment for the first time
-RH’s emotional reaction to the judgment may be surprise and dismay
following a colostomy, what skills remain intact in the LH
-verbal intelligence and problem solving skills
causal inferences and interpretations are a ____ specialization
LH
LH never admits ignorance about RH, always makes up a __
story
does callosotomy prevent emotional info from transferring
no, emotional info transferred subcortically
LH’s interpreting nature can contribute to ______
false memory
-RH and LH can detect familiar stimuli and new unrelated stimuli but LH tends to detect false positives when new stimuli are related
_____ in the RH can also function as an interpreter
illusory contours
-to perceive objects in the environments as unified, one must often extrapolate incomplete info
face perception involved what regions
-fusiform gyrus (right-lateralized, ventral occipitotemporal cortical –VOTC– recognition network)
-FFA (fusiform face area)
face is processed
holistically
perception and recognition are better for faces presented upright than inverted
face inversion effect
where it becomes more difficult to detect local feature changes in an upside-down face, despite identical changes being obvious in an upright face
thatcher effect
inversion impairs the processing of faces more than the processing of than the processing of non-facial objects ex. buildings or cars
face-object effect
humans may be the only species to naturally use the face as the ____ source of info for individuation
primary
-young children process faces in a piecemeal fashion such as eyes, nose, mouth
-holistic processing begins around the age of 10
encoding switch hypothesis
what is the dominant theory regarding the processing
holistic processing — could even precede the development of part-based processing
rare condition where one can’t recognize faces including their own, familiar, and famous people
prosopagnosia
-most cases acquired through brain damage
-deficit it both ANTEREOGRAFE AND RETROGRADE
-possibly through genetic mutation as well
prosopagnosia is a ___ to match sensory input to representations
failure
-due to are facial preception areas being damaged
face perception emerges from ____ and ___
sensory input & recognition
when the top half of one face is aligned with the bottom half of another and presented upright, the resulting composite arrangement induces a compelling percept of a novel facial recognition
**more easily illustrated in studies that use unfamiliar face stimuli compared to familiar
composite face illusion
Pathway of the visual system
Light passes through lends - inverted and focused to project on retina –> Optic nerve –> Optic chiasm –> Thalamus –> Primary auditory cortex –> secondary visual cortex
When do receptor cells become active?
when the stimulus exceeds a minimum intensity level (meets the threshold)
Adjustment of the sensory system’s sensitivity to the current environment and to changes in the environment
Adaptation
How well we can distinguish among stimuli within a sensory modality
ex. telling difference btw hz or smells of fruits = acuity
acuity
-distinguish by:
-stimulus collection system design
-number and distribution receptors
-best in the center of our visual field
-central region of retina is packed with photoreceptors
Visual acuity
rapid eye movement between fixed eyes
Saccades
What does squinting do?
-Makes the pupil smaller which results in better focus
- limits the amount of light that enters the eye
If a sensory system devotes more receptors to certain types of information…
corresponding increase in cortical representation
Benefits of increase in the cortex:
-flexible behavior
-memory capacity
-action and attention
-links many systems
Thalamic connections has:
- many subdivisions
-reciprocal connections with primary cortices
Intra (within) thalamic connections
2 or more senses coming together and working
Multi-sensory integration
when 2 senses collide with one another and lead to misconceptions *
McGurk Effect
Flow of information - audition
1.Sound waves enter auditory canal
2.sound waves get amplified
3. waves hit the tympanic membrane making it vibrate
4. vibrations travel through middle ear and rattle the malleus, incus, and stapes
5. vibrations are sensed by tiny hair cells along basilar membrane of the fluid filled cochlea
does the visual system override the auditory system?
yes
Typanic membrane is the
eardrum
what are the small bone in the middle of the ear
malleus, incus, and stapes
hair cells in the ear
stereocilia
what determines frequency tuning
location of hair cell on the membrane
Spatial arrangement is called ___ which forms a ____
tonotopy
tonotopic map
What do hair cells act as
mechanoreceptors - mechanically gated ion channels allow K+ and Ca2+ to flow in
Loss of hair cells leads to
deafness
Speech and music
-made of complex frequencies activating a broad range of cells
-important for human communication
Subdivision of information in the brain
-primary & secondary areas
-rostral A1 (low frequency)
-caudal A1 (high frequency)
-tuning curves become narrow in the cortex
**Cells response to narrower frequencies of sound
Discrimination of sound
-sharp acuity in humans
- goal = localize sound
- interaural time
where do the auditory nerve project to?
cochlear nuclei
-CN in the medulla
-each auditory nerve fiber splits to synapse in both the dorsal and ventral cochlear nuclei
info travels up to the pons and splits to innervate ______
L & R superior olivary nuclei
-info from both ears is shared here
projects to the medial geniculate nucleus in the
thalamus
after the medial geniculate nucleus, it then goes to the primary auditory cortex in the ____ lobe
temporal
the difference in when sound reaches each ear
Interaural time
auditory cortex can dissect components of sound and integrate then into an entire experience
Music
What kind of processing is feature extraction
bottom up
what kind of processing is feature integration
top down
Components of music
pitch, rhythm, tempo, beat, meter, contour, loudness etc.
distinguished instruments (tonal color) & describes the way a single instrument can change sound as it moves across its range
Timbre
the brain represents it directly
Pitch and the brain
Tapping along, keeping time
cerebellum
performing music and planning
motor cortex and frontal lobes
tactile feedback you’ve pressed the correct key
somatosensory cortex
audio feedback you’ve pressed the correct key
auditory cortex
reading music
visual cortex
recalling lyrics
language areas
emotional experience
amygdala, NAC, and VTA
orienting experience
anterior cingulate cortex, hippocampus, and PFC
distinguishing timbre
superior temporal sulcus
Temporal lobe epilepsy
musical hallucinations
Why do we get chills sometimes when we listen to music?
The autonomic fear-based response gets activated
The autonomic system cannot be shut down - cognitive interpretation in the cortex can inhibit the fear and allow us to experience pleasure bc we know its not dangerous
David Huron’s theory
a cultural practice that leads to a lasting genetic change
Gene-culture coevolution
Do tamarins and marmosets prefer silence or music
silence
What indicated that humans and chimpanzee share evolutionary history in context of music
both prefer music of silence
-visual and somatosensory information gets distorted
-we know less about smells and taste
-sounds seem to stay coherent
Auditory perception in dreams
perceiving info at a distance
remote sensing (exteroceptive perception)
light passes through the ___ of the eye
lens
image is inverted and focused to project onto the ___
retina
what are the densely packed layers of neurons
retina
the deepest retinal layer is composed of ___ containing ___
photoreceptors; photopigments
low light; evenly distributed and active at night
rods
color- densely packed near the center (FOVEA), active during the day
Cones
responds to short wavelengths (blue part of the spectrum)
short cones
responds to medium wavelengths (greenish part)
medium cones
responds to long wavelengths (reddish)
long cones
light-sensitive proteins
photopigments
low light contrasts — found in rods
-when exposed to light, proteins split apart
- destabilization alters membrane potential of the photoreceptors
- triggers AP in downstream neurons - transduction
rhodopsin
color vision - found in cones
photopsin
