C/B final Flashcards
anatomy of language is lateralized to ___
LH
-regions surrounding Sylvian fissure
-left perisylvian language network
-variation among individuals, therefore cortical stimulation mapping to locate language areas is routine before surgical removal of tumors or epileptic foci
anatomy of language
where is wernicke’s area
Superior temporal gyrus
where is Broca’s area and insular cortex
inferior frontal cortex
where is the supramarginal gyrus and angular gyrus
inferior parietal lobe
what areas are important to language
-Superior temporal gyrus
-temporal cortex
-inferior parietal lobe
-inferior frontal cortex
*THINK STII
deficits in language comprehension and production
aphasia
-expressive aphasia
-hard time speaking
-referred to telegraphic speech
-syntax aphasia (easier to understand that boy hit girl not girl was hit by a boy)
-pars triangular and pars opercularis –> broca’s area
broca’s aphasia
T or F
not all patients with damage to broca’s are will have speech problems
true
-comprehension problems
wernicke’s aphasia
what connects both wernicke and and Broca’s area
arcuate fasciculus
T or F
if wernicke is not affected but arcuate fasciculus is then there won’t be comprehension problems
False
inability to find words to label things
ex. tip of the tongue phenonmenon
anomia
difficulty controlling articulatory muscles
dysarthria
deficits in motor planning of articulations
speech apraxia
difficulty coordinating speech
developmental dyspraxia
retrieval error
agnosia
lose ability to do something
apraxia
partially lose the ability to do something
dyspraxia
inability to read words despite other language processes being intact
-due to damage in the MEDIAL OCCIPITOTEMPORAL GYRUS or VISUAL WORD FORM AREA (VWFA(
Alexia (root word)
inability to write, motor dysfunction
agraphasia
what can patients do with Alexia without agraphia
-can write but cannot read
-can write because their language areas are still connected to motor areas
-letter by letter reading compensation mechanism – slower
vision based
orthographic
stored representations (words, meanings, concepts, and rules)
mental lexicon
we see or hear a word and then need to retrieve the word from our mental lexicon
lexical access
making a selection
lexical selection
words are integrated into the message (sentence, larger context to facilitate understanding)
lexical integration
smallest meaningful represention
- ex. root word such as frost in defrost and defroster
-pre and suffix also changes meaning of words
morpheme
smallest unit of sound
-combine to form syllables
phoneme
what are the 4 principles of lexical organization
- morpheme
- how frequently a word is used/how common It is
- phoneme
- representations organized into semantic relationships
explains semantic priming during word recognition
connectionist model of the mental lexicon
T or F
high level semantic representions are not distributed throughout the brain and are confined to the LH
F
high level semantic representions ARE distributed throughout the brain and are NOT confined to the LH
type of language output error commonly associated with aphasia
-characterized by the production of unintended syllables, words or phrases during the effort to speak
paraphasia
wernicke’s aphasia –> ___ ___
-might say horse instead of cow
-this shows that cow and horse are probably connected in the brain
semantic paraphasia
deep dyslexia likely commit to ___ ___ when reading
semantic paraphasia
difficultly visually recognizing words
surface dyslexia
difficulty assigning objects to a category
-might say animal instead of cow
-shows how these words are categorized
semantic dementia
highest perceptual ability to distinguish phonemes is within the ___ year
first
how do we differentiate auditory sounds into separate words
segmentation problem
spoken input = ?
understanding speech
sound perception relies on the ___ ___ ___
superior temporal cortex
area sensitive to speech and non speech sounds
-heschl’s gyrus containing the primary auditory cortex
area sensitive to speech sounds
STS part of the secondary auditory cortex
areas sensitive to words (lexical-semantic info)
inferior temporal gyrus, angular gyrus, temporal pole
when some biological function takes a novel advantage of another function
exaptation
language was exapted from thinking, for communication
Gould’s theory
suggested language arose from a combo of gestures and facial movements, speculating that mirror neurons are a piece of the language puzzle
rizzolatti & arbib
-altering the sequence to match the human gene, in mice, resulted in higher synaptic plasticity
-many of the genes regulated involve motor function
FOXP2 gene
represents a dramatic dysregulation of motivational circuits that is caused by a combo of exaggerated incentive salience and habit formation, reward deficits and stress surfeits, and compromised executive function (response inhibition, decision making, working memory) in 3 stages
drug addiction
chronic relapsing disorder characterized by
- compulsion to seek and take the drug
- loss off control in limiting intake and continued use despite the negative consequences
- emergence of a negative emotional state (ex. dysphoria, anxiety, irritability) reflecting a motivational withdrawal syndrome when drug access is prevented
people with fewer __ receptors are more likely to become addicted than those with many of the receptors
D2
concerns the extent to which your test or measure accurately assesses what its supposed to
-are you testing what you think you’re testing
construct validity
refers to the ability of a test or other measurement to predict a future outcome
-an outcome can be a behavior, performance, or even a disease that occurs at some point in the future
predictive validity
incentive salience / “wanting” is generated by neural systems that include mesolimbic ____
DA
LIKING / or the actual pleasurable impact of reward consumption, is mediated by different neural systems and is ____ dependent on DA (involved opioids
NOT
essence of drug addiction to be excessive amplification specifically of psychological ‘wanting’, especially triggered by cures without necessarily an amplification of ‘liking’
*DUE TO SENSITIZATION (plasticity) of dopaminergic systems in susceptible individuals
incentive-sensitization theory
binge/intoxicaitno stage involve changes in DA and opioid peptides in the _____ ___
basal ganglia
craving and deficits in executive function in the ______ involve dysregulation of key afferent protections from the ___ ___ and insult, to the basal ganglia and extended amygdala
- preoccupation/anticipation stage
- prefrontal cortex
negative emotional states and dysphoric and stress-like responses in the ______ involve decreases in DA function and recruitment of brain stress NT such as corticosteroidstropin releasing factor and dynorphin in the neurocircuitry of the _____ ____
- withdrawal/negative affect stage
- extended amygdala
-*motivation linked with hedonic, affective, or ,emotional states in the transition to addiction
-these states are automatically modulated by mechanisms that reduce the intensity of hedonic feelings
-positive hedonic responses in drug use occur shortly after presentation of a stimulus, correlate closely with the intensity of hedonic feeling
–the role of the opponent processes begins early in drug taking, reflects changes in the brain reward and stress systems, and later forms one of the major motivations for compulsivity in drug taking in the form of a motivational withdrawal syndrome
Solomon’s opponent process theory
alcohol and drug releases DA and opioid peptides into the ____ _____
ventral striatum
T or F
D2 receptor activation not sufficient for drug reward – they may even limit drug reward
True
motivation for rewards derived from both one’s physiological state previously learned association about a reward cue that is mediated by the mesocortoicolimbic DA system
incentive salience
___ - ____ is observed when conditioned responding is directed toward the CS whereas goal-tracking manifest as responding directed to the SITE OF EXPECTED REWARD DELIVERY
sign-tracking
dopamine neurons initially fire in response to ______
-after repeated exposure, they stop firing during predictable reward delivery and instead dire during exposure to stimuli predictive of the reward
novel reward
pathway of habit formation, compulsivity, encoding behavioral automaticity
ventral striatum –> stratal-globus pallidalthalamocotrical loops –> dorsal
predisposition toward rapid, unplanned reactions to internal and external stimuli without regard for the negative consequences of these reactions to themselves or others
-often accompanied by feelings of pleasure or gratification
impulsivity
manifestation of preservative, repetitive actions that are excessive and inappropriate
-often performed to reduce tension or anxiety from obsessive thoughts
compulsivity
decrease in DA, 5HT, and GABA, increases in glutamate and u-opioid receptors responsively in the NAC during drug withdrawal
withdrawal
what are the 3 things that are recruited in the extended amygdala and contribute to the development of negative emotional states in acts withdrawal and protracted abstinence
CRF, Norepinephrine, an dynorphin
elevated adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), corticosterone, and CRF in amygdala during ______ _____
acute withdrawal
_____ & ____ are antagonists in the NAC block anxiety and stress-like effects of withdrawal
CRF & KOR
decreases in ____ in the NAC can also be driven by increases in the activity of the KOR system in the NAC and possibly increases in the activity of CRF int eh VTA, which contributes to the negative emotional state associated with withdrawal
DA
____ _____ plays a key role in mediating and encoding aversive states
-controls decrease in DA firing in the VTA associated with failure to receive an expected reward
lateral habenula
combo of decreases in reward function and increases in stress function in the motivational circuits of the (what 3 regions) is a power trigger of negative reinforcement that contributes to compulsive drug seeking behavior and addiction
ventral striatum, extended amygdala, and habenula
stage in which individuals reinstate drug-seeking behavior after abstinence remains a focus for identifying neurobiology mechanism of relapse and the development of medications for treatment
preoccupation/anticipation stage
deficits in executive function ex. impulsivity reflected by decreases in FRONTAL CORTEX that interfere with decision making, self regulation, inhibitory control , and WM, might involve disrupted _______ activity in PFC
GABAergic
cues, drug prime, and stress can contribute to ____
relapse (reinstatement)
in rats
GLUT projection from PFC to NAC that is modulated by DA
drug-induced reinstatement
-in rats
GLUT protection from PFC< BLA< and ventral subiculum to the NAC; DA modulation in the BLA and dorsal stratum
cue-induced reinstatement
-in rats
CRF and NE in extended amygdala
stress-induced reinstatement
