Neuro Lab Practical Flashcards
(46 cards)
1
Q
Frontal Lobe
A
- most anterior portion of cerebrum
- contains precentral gyrus
Functions:
1) Controls voluntary motor activity
2) Higher mental processing
3) Emotional behavior
4) Speech output (Broca’s)
Blood Supply = internal carotid, post cerebral, anterior cerebral a
2
Q
Parietal Lobe
A
- Lateral surface of each hemisphere of brain
- Includes postcentral gyrus
- Central sulcus –> parieto-occipital sulcus
Function:
1) Reception of general sensory info from body
2) Tactile object recognition
3) Language, verbatim repetition of terms (Wernicke)
Blood supply = internal carotid, post cerebral, anterior cerebral a
3
Q
Temporal Lobe
A
- Lateral, inferior portion of each hemisphere
- Inferior to lateral sulcus
Function:
1) Primary hearing/smell area
2) Memory
3) Speech perception and recognition
Blood supply = middle cerebral a
4
Q
Occipital Lobe
A
- posterior portion of each hemisphere
Function: primary visual area
Blood supply: internal carotid, post cerebral
5
Q
Longitudinal Fissure
A
- midline (deep groove) between cerebral hemispheres
- Contains falx cerebri
- Anterior cerebral a runs through here
6
Q
Central Sulcus
A
- Lateral aspect of cerebral hemisphere
- Boundary between frontal and parietal lobes
- Between precentral and postcentral gyrus
7
Q
Pre-central gyrus
Primary motor cortex
A
- Lateral aspect of each cerebral hemisphere
- “fold” at posterior border of frontal lobe, anterior edge of central sulcus
Function = controls voluntary movement
*GLUEF
8
Q
Post-central gyrus
Primary somatosensory cortex
A
- lateral aspect of each cerebral hemisphere
- “fold” at anterior border of parietal lobe, posterior edge of central sulcus
Function = receives somatosensory info from body
*GLUEF
9
Q
Lateral sulcus
Lateral fissure
A
- Lateral aspect of each cerebral hemisphere
- deep groove separating temporal from frontal & parietal lobes
10
Q
Broca and Wernicke
A
- Neural loop running around lateral sulcus in LEFT hemisphere of brain
- connected by a large bundle of nerves
Functions:
1) Broca = production of language (output)
2) Wernicke = processing of words we hear (input)
Blood supply: middle cerebral a
11
Q
Olfactory tract
A
- ventral aspect of frontal lobe
- bw olfactory bulb and medial aspect of temporal lobes
- bundles of afferent and efferent axons
Function: transmits smell to brain
12
Q
Optic Tract
A
- ventral aspect of diencephalon
- bw optic chiasm and brainstem nuclei
- white matter tract from both eyes, carry info to thalamus and other BS nuclei
Blood supply: anterior communicating a
13
Q
Optic Chiasm
A
- ventral aspect of diencephalon
- bw optic nn and optic tracts
- transmission of sensory input
14
Q
Infundibulum
A
- ventral surface of diencephalon at midline
Function:
1) transmits ADH and oxytocin to posterior pituitary
2) attachment for pineal gland
15
Q
Mamillary bodies
A
- ventral surface of diencephalon
- paired, small, rounded projections
Function:
1) regulates autonomic functions
2) emotional behavior
3) memory
16
Q
Pons
A
- ventral aspect of brainstem
- characterized by ventral bulge
- attached to cerebellum by middle cerebral peduncle
Function:
1) control of sleep and respiration
2) transfer of info bw hemispheres
3) CN V, VI, VII, VIII
Blood supply: basilar a and branches (anterior superior & inferior cerebellar aa)
17
Q
Medulla
A
- most caudal portion of brain, extending from pons to SC
- CN IX, X, XI, XII
Function: contains respiratory, cardiac, and blood pressure centers
Blood supply: vertebral aa branches: anterior and posterior spinal aa, posterior inferior cerebellar a
18
Q
Parts of medulla
A
1) Anterior median fissure = fold of pia mater dividing whole medulla in half
2) Pyramids = axons (motor fiber tracts)
- ventral surface, either side of #1
3) Pyramidal decussation = bundle of fibers that cross obliquely from one side to the other, interrupts #1
4) Olives = oval bump on superior, anterolateral surface of medulla
5) Fasciculus gracilis and cuneatus
19
Q
Fasciculus Gracilis and Cuneatus
A
- bundle of axon fibers in post column of SC
1) Gracilis = ascending fibers - carries sensory info
2) Cuneatus = descending fibers - carries motor fibers
20
Q
Superior colliculi
A
Location = midbrain, dorsal aspect, rounded elevations
Function: coordinates orienting mov’ts of eyes and head
21
Q
Inferior colliculi
A
Location = greater part of back of midbrain
- distinctive hemispherical mass of nn
Function = auditory center
*possible integration of hearing reflexes
22
Q
Midbrain
mesencephalon
A
Location: BS, bw diencephalon and pons
Description: white matter tracts, gray matter nuclei
- CN III and IV
- formed by S and I colliculi, cerebral peduncles, substantia nigra, cerebral aqueduct
Function: coordinates mov’ts in response to visual and auditory stimuli
- conveys motor info from cerebral cortex to pons
- conveys sensory info from SC to thalamus
Blood supply: posterior cerebral a
23
Q
Tegmentum
A
- BS, forms floor of midbrain Function: 1) Controls motor function 2) Regulates awareness and attention 3) Regulates some autonomic functions
24
Q
Tectum
A
- BS, forms ceiling of midbrain
- dorsal part of mesencephalon
- formed by S/I colliculi
Superior = preliminary visual processing and control of eye mov’ts
Inferior = auditory processing
25
Cerebral peduncles
- 2 found in midbrain
- formed by substantia nigra & cerebral crus
- forms vertrolateral portion of midbrain on each side
Function = white matter that transmits info
26
Corpus Callosum
```
Location = between cerebral hemispheres
- large myelinated fiber tract, connects R and L hemispheres, above diencephalon
Parts:
1) Genu = most anterior arch
2) Body = center
3) Splenium = most posterior part
4) Rostrum = anterior end
```
27
Cingulate gyrus
- arch-shaped convolution just above the corpus callosum
| Function: perception of affective pain
28
Diencephalon
- cerebrum --> thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus
Functions:
1) Thalamus = relay sensory info to cerebral cortex
2) Hypothalamus = maintain homeostasis
3) Epithalamus = pineal gland, melatonin production
29
Thalamus
- largest portion of diencephalon
- paired groups of nuclei, separated by 3rd ventricle
- primarily composed of gray matter
Function:
1) relay of sensory info to cortex
2) relay of motor info for mov't planning
Blood supply: anterior choroidal a
30
Hypothalamus
- ventral diencephalon
- nuclei bundle inferior to thalamus
- includes infundibulum, mamillary bodies
Functions:
1) master control of endocrine system
2) controls autonomic NS
3) regulates body temp, food/water intake
4) regulates emotional behavior
5) maintains sleep/wake cycle
6) memory
31
Epithalamus
- pineal gland
| Function: influences secretion of endocrine glands
32
Subthalamus
- continuous with hypothalamus, lies below thalamus
| - part of neural circuit controlling movement
33
Basal Ganglia
- paired masses of gray matter located deep in each cerebral hemisphere
- composed of:
1) corpus striatum (caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus)
2) amygdaloid body
3) claustrum
Function:
1) planning/execution of mov't
2) controls habitual/subconscious mov'ts
3) m tone and posture
Blood supply: middle cerebral a
34
Caudate nucleus - head and tail
| Basal ganglia
* visible when inferior horn of lateral ventricle is visible
| - gray matter deep inside rostral part of each hemisphere
35
Basal Ganglia: Order
Lateral fissure --> insular cortex (gray) --> external capsule (white) --> claustrum (strip of gray in white) --> putamen (triangular, gray) --> globus pallidus (triangle) --> internal capsule (white) --> thalamus (gray)
36
Insula
- deep in each lateral sulcus
- cerebral lobe, not visible from surface
Function:
1) Understanding spoken language
2) Perception of taste and smell
3) Integrates info from visceral receptors
37
Hippocampus
- deep in temporal
- complex layered structure, major output via fornix, part of limbic system
Function:
1) learning and memory processing
2) emotional behavior
Blood Supply: anterior choroidal a
38
Uncus
- bottom TRIANGULAR part of parahippocampal gyrus
- visible inferiorly when BS is removed
- landmark of amygdala
39
Parahippocampal Gyrus
- gray matter in cortical region of brain
- surrounds hippocampus
Function: memory encoding and retrieval
40
Fornix
- suspended from corpus callosum
- arched fiber tract connecting hippocampus to mamillary bodies
Function: emotion, memory
41
Limbic System
Emotion
42
Substantia nigra
- dark colored 'smiley face'
- visible at bottom, in coronal view
Function:
1) eye mov't
2) motor planning
3) reward seeking
4) learning
5) addiction
43
Red nucleus
- just above substantia nigra
| - minimal role in motor function
44
SPINAL CORD
Sections = cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral
Arteries = 2 anterior, 1 posterior
Rootlets = dorsal and ventral form roots
Roots = dorsal and ventral form spinal root
Spinal Root
DRG (Dorsal Root Ganglia) = on end of spinal root, site of info transmission into SC
Cauda Equina = where cord stops, but nn continue
45
Falx cerebri
- large crescent shaped fold of meningeal layer of dura mater
- descends from longitudinal fissure bw cerebral hemispheres
Function = venous drainage
46
Tentorium cerebelli
- extension of dura mater
| - separates cerebellum from inferior portion of occ lobes
