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Neuroscience > Neuro Lab Practical > Flashcards

Neuro Lab Practical Flashcards

1
Q

Frontal Lobe

A
  • most anterior portion of cerebrum
  • contains precentral gyrus
    Functions:
    1) Controls voluntary motor activity
    2) Higher mental processing
    3) Emotional behavior
    4) Speech output (Broca’s)
    Blood Supply = internal carotid, post cerebral, anterior cerebral a
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2
Q

Parietal Lobe

A
  • Lateral surface of each hemisphere of brain
  • Includes postcentral gyrus
  • Central sulcus –> parieto-occipital sulcus
    Function:
    1) Reception of general sensory info from body
    2) Tactile object recognition
    3) Language, verbatim repetition of terms (Wernicke)
    Blood supply = internal carotid, post cerebral, anterior cerebral a
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3
Q

Temporal Lobe

A
  • Lateral, inferior portion of each hemisphere
  • Inferior to lateral sulcus
    Function:
    1) Primary hearing/smell area
    2) Memory
    3) Speech perception and recognition
    Blood supply = middle cerebral a
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4
Q

Occipital Lobe

A
  • posterior portion of each hemisphere
    Function: primary visual area
    Blood supply: internal carotid, post cerebral
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5
Q

Longitudinal Fissure

A
  • midline (deep groove) between cerebral hemispheres
  • Contains falx cerebri
  • Anterior cerebral a runs through here
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6
Q

Central Sulcus

A
  • Lateral aspect of cerebral hemisphere
  • Boundary between frontal and parietal lobes
  • Between precentral and postcentral gyrus
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7
Q

Pre-central gyrus

Primary motor cortex

A
  • Lateral aspect of each cerebral hemisphere
  • “fold” at posterior border of frontal lobe, anterior edge of central sulcus
    Function = controls voluntary movement
    *GLUEF
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8
Q

Post-central gyrus

Primary somatosensory cortex

A
  • lateral aspect of each cerebral hemisphere
  • “fold” at anterior border of parietal lobe, posterior edge of central sulcus
    Function = receives somatosensory info from body
    *GLUEF
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9
Q

Lateral sulcus

Lateral fissure

A
  • Lateral aspect of each cerebral hemisphere

- deep groove separating temporal from frontal & parietal lobes

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10
Q

Broca and Wernicke

A
  • Neural loop running around lateral sulcus in LEFT hemisphere of brain
  • connected by a large bundle of nerves
    Functions:
    1) Broca = production of language (output)
    2) Wernicke = processing of words we hear (input)
    Blood supply: middle cerebral a
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11
Q

Olfactory tract

A
  • ventral aspect of frontal lobe
  • bw olfactory bulb and medial aspect of temporal lobes
  • bundles of afferent and efferent axons
    Function: transmits smell to brain
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12
Q

Optic Tract

A
  • ventral aspect of diencephalon
  • bw optic chiasm and brainstem nuclei
  • white matter tract from both eyes, carry info to thalamus and other BS nuclei
    Blood supply: anterior communicating a
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13
Q

Optic Chiasm

A
  • ventral aspect of diencephalon
  • bw optic nn and optic tracts
  • transmission of sensory input
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14
Q

Infundibulum

A
  • ventral surface of diencephalon at midline
    Function:
    1) transmits ADH and oxytocin to posterior pituitary
    2) attachment for pineal gland
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15
Q

Mamillary bodies

A
  • ventral surface of diencephalon
  • paired, small, rounded projections
    Function:
    1) regulates autonomic functions
    2) emotional behavior
    3) memory
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16
Q

Pons

A
  • ventral aspect of brainstem
  • characterized by ventral bulge
  • attached to cerebellum by middle cerebral peduncle
    Function:
    1) control of sleep and respiration
    2) transfer of info bw hemispheres
    3) CN V, VI, VII, VIII
    Blood supply: basilar a and branches (anterior superior & inferior cerebellar aa)
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17
Q

Medulla

A
  • most caudal portion of brain, extending from pons to SC
  • CN IX, X, XI, XII
    Function: contains respiratory, cardiac, and blood pressure centers
    Blood supply: vertebral aa branches: anterior and posterior spinal aa, posterior inferior cerebellar a
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18
Q

Parts of medulla

A

1) Anterior median fissure = fold of pia mater dividing whole medulla in half
2) Pyramids = axons (motor fiber tracts)
- ventral surface, either side of #1
3) Pyramidal decussation = bundle of fibers that cross obliquely from one side to the other, interrupts #1
4) Olives = oval bump on superior, anterolateral surface of medulla
5) Fasciculus gracilis and cuneatus

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19
Q

Fasciculus Gracilis and Cuneatus

A
  • bundle of axon fibers in post column of SC
    1) Gracilis = ascending fibers
  • carries sensory info
    2) Cuneatus = descending fibers
  • carries motor fibers
20
Q

Superior colliculi

A

Location = midbrain, dorsal aspect, rounded elevations

Function: coordinates orienting mov’ts of eyes and head

21
Q

Inferior colliculi

A

Location = greater part of back of midbrain
- distinctive hemispherical mass of nn
Function = auditory center
*possible integration of hearing reflexes

22
Q

Midbrain

mesencephalon

A

Location: BS, bw diencephalon and pons
Description: white matter tracts, gray matter nuclei
- CN III and IV
- formed by S and I colliculi, cerebral peduncles, substantia nigra, cerebral aqueduct
Function: coordinates mov’ts in response to visual and auditory stimuli
- conveys motor info from cerebral cortex to pons
- conveys sensory info from SC to thalamus
Blood supply: posterior cerebral a

23
Q

Tegmentum

A 
- BS, forms floor of midbrain
Function: 
1) Controls motor function
2) Regulates awareness and attention
3) Regulates some autonomic functions
24
Q

Tectum

A
  • BS, forms ceiling of midbrain
  • dorsal part of mesencephalon
  • formed by S/I colliculi
    Superior = preliminary visual processing and control of eye mov’ts
    Inferior = auditory processing
25
Q

Cerebral peduncles

A
  • 2 found in midbrain
  • formed by substantia nigra & cerebral crus
  • forms vertrolateral portion of midbrain on each side
    Function = white matter that transmits info
26
Q

Corpus Callosum

A 
Location = between cerebral hemispheres
- large myelinated fiber tract, connects R and L hemispheres, above diencephalon
Parts:
1) Genu = most anterior arch
2) Body = center
3) Splenium = most posterior part
4) Rostrum = anterior end
27
Q

Cingulate gyrus

A
  • arch-shaped convolution just above the corpus callosum

Function: perception of affective pain

28
Q

Diencephalon

A
  • cerebrum –> thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus
    Functions:
    1) Thalamus = relay sensory info to cerebral cortex
    2) Hypothalamus = maintain homeostasis
    3) Epithalamus = pineal gland, melatonin production
29
Q

Thalamus

A
  • largest portion of diencephalon
  • paired groups of nuclei, separated by 3rd ventricle
  • primarily composed of gray matter
    Function:
    1) relay of sensory info to cortex
    2) relay of motor info for mov’t planning
    Blood supply: anterior choroidal a
30
Q

Hypothalamus

A
  • ventral diencephalon
  • nuclei bundle inferior to thalamus
  • includes infundibulum, mamillary bodies
    Functions:
    1) master control of endocrine system
    2) controls autonomic NS
    3) regulates body temp, food/water intake
    4) regulates emotional behavior
    5) maintains sleep/wake cycle
    6) memory
31
Q

Epithalamus

A
  • pineal gland

Function: influences secretion of endocrine glands

32
Q

Subthalamus

A
  • continuous with hypothalamus, lies below thalamus

- part of neural circuit controlling movement

33
Q

Basal Ganglia

A
  • paired masses of gray matter located deep in each cerebral hemisphere
  • composed of:
    1) corpus striatum (caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus)
    2) amygdaloid body
    3) claustrum
    Function:
    1) planning/execution of mov’t
    2) controls habitual/subconscious mov’ts
    3) m tone and posture
    Blood supply: middle cerebral a
34
Q

Caudate nucleus - head and tail

Basal ganglia

A
  • visible when inferior horn of lateral ventricle is visible

- gray matter deep inside rostral part of each hemisphere

35
Q

Basal Ganglia: Order

A

Lateral fissure –> insular cortex (gray) –> external capsule (white) –> claustrum (strip of gray in white) –> putamen (triangular, gray) –> globus pallidus (triangle) –> internal capsule (white) –> thalamus (gray)

36
Q

Insula

A
  • deep in each lateral sulcus
  • cerebral lobe, not visible from surface
    Function:
    1) Understanding spoken language
    2) Perception of taste and smell
    3) Integrates info from visceral receptors
37
Q

Hippocampus

A
  • deep in temporal
  • complex layered structure, major output via fornix, part of limbic system
    Function:
    1) learning and memory processing
    2) emotional behavior
    Blood Supply: anterior choroidal a
38
Q

Uncus

A
  • bottom TRIANGULAR part of parahippocampal gyrus
  • visible inferiorly when BS is removed
  • landmark of amygdala
39
Q

Parahippocampal Gyrus

A
  • gray matter in cortical region of brain
  • surrounds hippocampus
    Function: memory encoding and retrieval
40
Q

Fornix

A
  • suspended from corpus callosum
  • arched fiber tract connecting hippocampus to mamillary bodies
    Function: emotion, memory
41
Q

Limbic System

A

Emotion

42
Q

Substantia nigra

A
  • dark colored ‘smiley face’
  • visible at bottom, in coronal view
    Function:
    1) eye mov’t
    2) motor planning
    3) reward seeking
    4) learning
    5) addiction
43
Q

Red nucleus

A
  • just above substantia nigra

- minimal role in motor function

44
Q

SPINAL CORD

A

Sections = cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral
Arteries = 2 anterior, 1 posterior
Rootlets = dorsal and ventral form roots
Roots = dorsal and ventral form spinal root
Spinal Root
DRG (Dorsal Root Ganglia) = on end of spinal root, site of info transmission into SC
Cauda Equina = where cord stops, but nn continue

45
Q

Falx cerebri

A
  • large crescent shaped fold of meningeal layer of dura mater
  • descends from longitudinal fissure bw cerebral hemispheres
    Function = venous drainage
46
Q

Tentorium cerebelli

A
  • extension of dura mater

- separates cerebellum from inferior portion of occ lobes

Neuroscience (13 decks)

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