Neuro II Flashcards
locus ceruleus
pons
source of NE
stress and panic
ventral tegmentum
dopamine
substantia nigra pars compacta
midbrain
dopamine
raphe nuclei
serotonin
pons, medulla, midbrain
basal nucleus of meynert
ACh
nucleus accumbens
GABA
reward, pleasure, addiction, fear
BBB
1 tight junction nonfenestrated capillary endo cells
2 BM
3 astrocyte foot processes
glucose and AA - carrier mediated transport
nonpolar lipid soluble - cross diffusion rapidly
area postrema
vomiting center - CTZ
no BBB - allow blood fo affect brain function
neurohypophysis
no BBB - ADH release
hypothalamus nuclei
lateral - hunger - leptin ventromedial - satiety - leptin anterior - cooling - PS posterior - heating - S suprachiasmatic nucleus - circadian rhythm
loss of lateral hypothalamus nuclei
anorexia
loss of ventromedial hypothalamus nuclei
hyperphagia - eat alot
sleep chemicals
SCN - NE release - pineal gland - melatonin
regulate suprachiasmatic nucleus - light
extraocular movement during sleep
PPRF - paramedian pontine reticular formation
REM sleep
lose motor tone
increased brain O2 use
variable pulse and BP
dreaming and boners
beta waves
awake eyes closed
alpha waves on EEG
awake eyes open
beta waves on EEG
high frequency
low amplitude
non-REM sleep stages
N1 - light sleep - theta wave
N2 - deeper sleep - bruxism (grind teeth) - sleep spindle and K complexes
N3 - deepest non-REM sleep - slow wave sleep
- sleepwalking, night terror, bedwetting
- delta wave - low frequency, high amplitude
decreased REM sleep
alcohol
benzos
barbs
decrease REM and delta wave sleep
NE - also decreases REM
tx bedwetting
sleep enuresis
oral desmopressin
tx night terror and sleep terror
benzos
VPL
of thalamus
pain and temp
pressure, touch, vibration, proprioception
VPM
of thalamus
face sensation, taste
LGN
of thalamus
CN II - vision - to calcarine sulcus
MGN
of thalamus
superior olive and inferior colliculus of tectum
hearing - to auditory cortex
VL
of thalamus
basal ganglia and cerebellum
motor information to motor cortex
not through thalamus
olfaction
limbic system
hippocampus amygdala fornix mammilary bodies cingulate gyrus
osmotic demyelination syndrome
central pontine myelinosis
locked in syndrome
axonal demyelination in pontine white matter - osmotic
from correcting hypoNa too quickly
correct hyperNa too fast
cerebral edema
herniation
cerebellum
input - contralateral
output - contralateral - purkinje cells
lateral lesion - fall toward injured side
midline lesion - B/L motor deficit - axial and prox limb muscles
striatum
putamen and caudate
lentiform
putamen and globus pallidus
basal ganglia pathways
direct - D1 - facilitate movement
-GABA disinhibits thalamus
indirect - D2 - inhibit movement
dopamine - binds D1 - stimulate excitatory pathway
-binds D2 - inhibiting inhibitory pathway
GPi - globus pallidus internus
- inhibits thalamus
- so direct pathway inhibits this with GABA
- and indirect pathway stimulate GPi - to inhibit thalmus
athetosis
slow writhing movement
basal ganglia lesion
chorea
sudden jerky movement
basal ganglia lesion
dystonia
sustained involuntary contraction
writer cramp
blepharospasm (eyelid)
essential tremor
high frequency tremor with sustained posture
-worse with movement/stress
pt self mediated EtOH
tx - B-blocker and primidone
hemiballism
sudden flailing of 1 arm and ipsi leg
C/L subthalamic nucleus - lacunar stroke
C/L lesion
intention tremor
zigzag motion when pointing extending toward target
cerebellar dysfunction
myoclonus
sudden brief uncontrolled muscle contraction
jerk, hiccup, renal and liver failure
resting tremor
pill rolling - of parkinsons
alleviated wth movement
