Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Neuro > Neuro Development > Flashcards

Neuro Development Flashcards

1
Q

Gastrulation

A

a phase early in embryonic development during which the single-layered blastula of the embryo is reorganized into a trilaminar (three-layered)

begins with the formation of the primitive streak

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

3 germ layers

A

1: ectoderm
2: mesoderm
3: endoderm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

ectoderm forms the..

A

entire nervous system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

mesoderm forms the..

A

connective tissues (bone, tendon, cartilage, blood, etc.)

musculoskeletal system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

endoderm forms the..

A

linings of all cavities (GI tract, stomach, pancreas)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Primitive streak

A

13-14 days
area of active cell migration, cells start to migrate inward–>forms the 3 layers
–> invagination

can see a streak between amnion and yolk sac

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

invagination

A

process of cells migrating underneath and displacing underlying cells to form the 3 germ layers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

day1

A

fertilization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

day 6

A

implantation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Neurulation

A

day 16-18
=the formation of the NEURAL TUBE

starts with the notochord release factors that start the process of CNS development -neural induction

begins with the formation of the NEURAL PLATE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Neurulation accomplishes 3 major things in higher vertebraes:

A

1: creates the NEURAL TUBE- which gives rise CNS
2: creates the NEURAL CREST- which migrates away from the dorsal surface of the neural tube, and gives rise to a diverse set of cell types- forms the PNS
3: creates the epidermis-which covered over the neural tube once it is created

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Neural induction

A

notacord releases a substance that induces the NS to start forming

(part of mesoderm creates notochord–> becomes nucleus propulsus later in life)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Neural plate

A

a thickening of the ectoderm caused when cuboidal epithelial cells become columnar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

neural tube process

A

1: neural plate around 18 days
cells divide in ectoderm at different rates

2: neural groove
plate begins to invaginate into the ectoderm
as cells divide faster there is no room so it goes deeper

3: neural tube
* notocord develops

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

embryo at 20 days

picture slide 8

A

neuro tube is like a cylinder
ectoderm develops at different speeds; faster at periphery and slower medially- causes invagination in center (ventrally toward yolk sac)

bumps/ribs on side are the mesoderm (it grows around the NS like how the vertebrae surround the spinal cord)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

neural crest cells

A

specialized cells that eventually go to dorsal lateral surface, later they form the peripheral NS (i.e. ganglion)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

embryo at 21 days

picture slide 9

A

neuro tube –> progresses at either end

eventually lateral sides fuse together in the middle to form tube

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

embryo at 24 days

picture slide 10

A

Neural tube is complete! (except for the ends)
functioning nervous system!

lumen in middle will form ventricle system (heart)

neural tube will form brain stem, spinal cord and cerebrum

cerebrum>brain stem>SC (SC develops slowest, simplest- most undifferentiated)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

neural epithelial layer

A

lumen of neural tube

single layer of cells

where all neurons (functioning units) and glia (CT cells in NS/helpers) come from

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

sulcus limitans

A

eveything ventral= motor

everything dorsal= sensory

mantle layer= grey matter
marginal layer= white matter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Primary vesicle stage

A

about 28 days..

Prosencephalon-forebrain- thalamus, cerebrum- divides into 2 parts

Mesencephalon- midbrain (ie brain stem)

Rhombencephalon- hindbrain- pons and medulla

Mylon?- spinal cord

cranial and cervical flexures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Prosencephalon=

A

forebrain- thalamus and cerebrum

divides into 2 parts

1: diencephalon
2: telencephalic vesicle

23
Q

Mesencephalon=

A

midbrain- brain stem

24
Q

Rhombencephalon=

A

hindbrain- pons and medulla

25
Q

Secondary vesicle stage

A

~42 days
spinal nerves growing into each somite (PNS)

prosencephalon divides:

1: diencephalon- thalamus
2: telencephalon

mesencephalon- midbrain

metencephalon- pons and cerebellum

myelencephalon- medulla oblongata

cephalic flexure is the only one that doesn’t disappear in adulthood?

26
Q

CNS at 3 months..

A

adult looking NS (cerebrum, cerebral hemispheres, diencephalon, midbrain, cerebellum, medulla and SC) but still smooth and continues to develop

3 months=peak time of neuron cell division (can’t get bigger w/out invaginating on itself –>sulci)

27
Q

cell proliferation is at its peak at?

A

3 months and slows down rapidly at 6 months

neurons still divide until birth but rate has declined dramatically

28
Q

cell hypertrophy is at its peak at?

A

6 months
neurons only

100x more glia cells than neurons

29
Q

sulci=

A

invagination lines

30
Q

brain at 6 months

A

sulci get more surface area but still relatively smooth

neuron division slows
glia cells at their peak division rate

31
Q

brain at 9 months

A

neuron division stops

glia cells can continue throughout life but dramatically decline after 2 years

(glia cancers are quite common)

32
Q

alar plate

A

dorsal horn

sensory neurons

33
Q

basal plate

A

ventral horn

motor neurons

34
Q

gray matter

A

not myelinated
undifferentiated

Mantle zone

SC=most undifferentiated

35
Q

white matter

A

myelinated

Marginal zone

36
Q

axons grow..

A

laterally

37
Q

ependymal cells

A

no longer differentiating

38
Q

summary slide??

A

slide 18

39
Q

neurotube forms..

A

sensory and motor neurons and glial cells (CNS) and SP

40
Q

neurocrest forms..

A

PNS, dorsal root ganglia= collection of neurons right outside the spinal cord right before the ventral and dorsal roots fuse- forms the pia and arachnode matter (meninges)
dura matter is from mesoderm

41
Q

somites=

A

segmental mass of mesoderm in the vertebrate embryo. occurs in pairs along the notocord and develops into muscles and vertebrae

each somite is divided into:

1: sclerotome- bone
2: dermatome- sensory
3: myotome- muscle

42
Q

myotome

A

is supplied by 1 spinal nerve

divides in 2 parts:

1: epaxial division-dorsal rami-extensor ms of neck and back
2: hypaxial division- ventral rami-neck, prevertebral and limb ms

cranial to cervical somites are occipital somites

preoctic myotomes

43
Q

epaxial division

A

dorsal rami- extensor ms of neck and back

44
Q

hypaxial division

A

ventral rami- neck, prevertebral and limb ms

45
Q

post-otic somites (occipital)

A

give rise to muscles of the tongue; which are supplied by hypoglossal nerve

CN 12
-tongue ms (except palatoglossus (CN10)
extrinsic and intrinsic

46
Q

pre-otic somites

A

cranial to occipital myotomes give rise to extraocular muscles of the eyeball which are supplied by 3rd, 4th and 6th cranial nerve

Premandibular mesenchyme

  • CN3
  • levator palpebrae superioris, sup, med, & inf
  • rectus & inferior oblique

Maxillomandibular mesenchyme

  • CN 4- superior oblique
  • CN 6- lateral rectus
47
Q

otic somites

A

balance and equilibrium

hearing

48
Q

pharangeal (branchial) arches

A

develop during the 4th week in utero as a series of mesodermal outpouchings on the L and R sides of the developing pharynx

develop the neck and face

49
Q

pharangeal arch 1

A

Mandibular arch
CN 5

muscles of mastication
anterior digastric
tensor tympani
mylohyoid
tensor veli palatini
50
Q

pharangeal arch 2

A

Hyoid arch
CN 7

facial expression muscles
posterior digastric
stapedius
stylohyoideus

51
Q

where myelinated axons form..

A

white matter

52
Q

where neurons form..

A

gray matter

53
Q

ears, eyes and tongue are..

A

SOMATIC

Neuro (48 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions